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Overtime, in ice hockey, is a method of determining the winner and loser of ice hockey matches should a game be tied after regulation. Two main methods include the overtime period (commonly referred to as overtime), and the shootout.

Contents 1 Overtime periods 2 Shootout 2.1 International shootouts 2.2 North American shootout 2.3 Strategy 3 Notable playoff overtime contests 3.1 Longest NHL overtime games 3.2 Notable minor league, college and junior overtimes 3.2.1 AHL 3.2.2 CIS–OUA Men 3.2.3 ECHL 3.2.4 NCAA Men 3.2.5 NCAA Women 3.2.6 OPJHL 3.2.7 High School 4 See also 5 References

[edit] Overtime periods

Overtime periods are extra periods beyond the third regulation period during a game, where normal hockey rules apply. Although in the past, full-length overtime periods were played, overtimes today are sudden death, meaning that the game ends immediately when a player scores a goal.

For the 1983–84 season, the NHL introduced a regular season overtime period of five minutes, compared to the twenty minutes of regulation periods. If the five minute overtime period ended with no scoring, the game was a tie (The World Hockey Association had used a 10-minute regular season overtime period, as had the NHL prior to World War II).

In 1987–88 and since 1995, the American Hockey League has awarded teams one point in the standings for an overtime loss (OTL). In 1998, the AHL introduced a rule where teams will play the five minute overtime period with four skaters and a goaltender, rather than at full strength (five skaters), except in two-man advantage situations. In a two-man advantage situation, the team with the advantage will play with five players. The rule was popular and adopted by the NHL and ECHL the next season.

Should the overtime period end with neither side scoring, the teams then take part in a "shootout", which goes to sudden death if tied after the third or fifth round, depending on the league.

Mats Sundin, Sergei Fedorov, Jaromír Jágr and Patrik Eliáš share the record for most regular season overtime goals with 15 each.

In the Stanley Cup playoffs, there isn't a shootout, and the overtime period is 20 minutes. Joe Sakic has the record for most career playoff overtime goals with eight. Interestingly, three of the game's legendary players, Mark Messier (109 playoff goals), Mario Lemieux (77 goals), and Gordie Howe (68 goals) never scored a playoff overtime goal. Overtime periods are played without commercial breaks.

In many leagues (including the NHL for regular-season games since the 2005–06 season) and in international competitions, a failure to reach a decision in a single overtime may lead to a shootout. Some leagues may eschew overtime periods altogether and end games in shootout should teams be tied at the end of regulation. In the three major North American professional hockey leagues (NHL, AHL, ECHL), regular season overtime periods are played four on four for one five minute period. In the Southern Professional Hockey League, regular season overtime periods are played three on three for one five minute period, with penalties resulting in the opponents skating one additional player on ice (up to two additional players) for the penalty for the first three minutes, and a penalty shot in the final two minutes.

[edit] Shootout

[edit] International shootouts

In international competition, shootouts (or more formally, game-winning shots GWS, and, in some European countries, bullets, or bullits^[1],^[2]), are often used. Each coach selects five skaters from their team to take penalty shots one at a time against the opposing goaltender, with teams alternating shots. After the ten players have all taken their shots, the team with the most goals is declared the winner. If the shootout is still tied after five skaters from each team have shot, the shootout continues one skater at a time until one team has won the advantage (assuring that each team has taken an equal number of shots). The shootout may end earlier, if one team has scored more goals than the opposing team could score with its remaining shooters. This happened in the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy. Sweden won an upset victory over the United States (women's team) after only eight skaters. Sweden led 2 goals to none after the United States' fourth shot, rendering the remaining rounds unnecessary.

[edit] North American shootout

Most lower minor leagues (ECHL, Central, UHL) have featured a shootout where, at the end of regulation, a shootout similar to the international tournament format is used.

However, in 2000, the ECHL adopted the AHL's four-on-four overtime before the shootout.

For the 2004–05 AHL season, the AHL adopted a five-man shootout, which was first used in that league in 1986-87. The standard five-man shootout is used after four-on-four overtime for all minor leagues in North America.

The Central Collegiate Hockey Association is adding the shootout with effect from the 2008-09 season.

Following the lead of minor leagues, as of the 2005–06 season, the NHL ends exhibition and regular season games tied after the five minute overtime period by a shootout. Three skaters per team take shots on the opposing goalies, as opposed to the five in international and minor-league competition. The team with the most goals during their three shots is declared the winner. However, if the same number of goals are scored by both teams during the shootout, a sudden death shootout is begun, as in international competition. The teams alternate taking penalty shots, until one team scores and the other does not, thus producing a winner. All skaters (except goalies) on a team's roster must shoot before any player can shoot a second time. As of 2008, the NHL is considering a rules change that would outlaw the slapshot in shootouts, citing danger to goalies.

The shootout is not used in the playoffs for any North American league. Instead, 20 minute overtime periods are used until a single goal is scored.

In the National Hockey League and American Hockey League All-Star Skills Competitions, the competition ends in a penalty shootout known as the Breakaway Relay.

[edit] Strategy

Strategy is considered to be very important during penalty shots and overtime shootouts for both the shooter and the goalie. Both shooters and goalies commonly consult their teammates and coaches for advice on the opposing player's style of play. Shooters often consider the goalie's strengths and weaknesses (such as a fast glove or stick save), preferred goaltending style (such as butterfly or stand-up) and method of challenging the shooter. Goaltenders often consider the shooter's shot preference, expected angle of attack, a patented move a shooter commonly uses and even handedness of the shooter.

Most shooters attempt to out-deke the goalie in order to create a better scoring chance. Minnesota Wild forward Mikko Koivu and Tampa Bay Lightning forward Martin St. Louis are examples of players who commonly use this strategy. However, it is not uncommon for a shooter to simply shoot for an opening without deking. This is commonly referred to as sniping. This is most commonly performed when a goalie challenges a shooter by giving them an open hole (by keeping a glove, pad or stick out of position or being out of sound goaltending position altogether to tempt the shooter to aim for the given opening). New York Rangers forward Markus Naslund and former NHL forward Brett Hull are commonly referred to as snipers. Very rarely a shooter may take a slapshot or wrist shot from the point or top of the slot. This is almost exclusively performed when a shooter either has a high level of confidence in their shot or they attempt to catch the goalie by surprise. Minnesota Wild forward Brian Rolston and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim defenseman Chris Pronger have both used this strategy with success. In fact, Pronger succeeded in using this strategy in the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals on a penalty shot against Carolina Hurricanes goaltender Cam Ward.

[edit] Notable playoff overtime contests

• March 24, 1936 – Detroit's Mud Bruneteau ends the longest Stanley Cup playoff game ever, scoring the game's only goal in a 1-0 victory over the Montreal Maroons. The goal came 16:30 into the sixth overtime period for a total of 116:30 of overtime. The game was a mere 3:30 short of the equivalent of playing three games back-to-back-to-back.

• April 23, 1950 – Pete Babando scores at 28:31 of overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 4-3 win in the seventh game of the Stanley Cup Finals over the New York Rangers. It was the first time that a seventh game of a Final series went to overtime.

• April 21, 1951 – Bill Barilko scores at 2:53 of overtime to give the Toronto Maple Leafs a 3-2 win in the fifth game of the Stanley Cup Finals over the Montreal Canadiens. All five games in the series needed overtime to be decided.

• April 16, 1954 – Tony Leswick's shot hit Montreal defenseman Doug Harvey's glove and went into the net at 4:20 of overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 2-1 win in the seventh game of the Stanley Cup Finals over the Montreal Canadiens. No seventh game of a Final series has gone to overtime since.

• April 23, 1964 – Bobby Baun of the Toronto Maple Leafs nets a game winner against Detroit 1:43 into overtime in Game 6 of the Finals to tie the series 3-3. The goal is notable because Baun had broken his ankle earlier in the game. It was frozen and taped, and Baun returned to the ice to score the winning goal.

• May 10, 1970 – One of the most indelible moments in sports history is the sight of Bobby Orr's "in flight" goal that gave the Boston Bruins a 4-3 win and a four game sweep of the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup Finals.

• May 14, 1977 – Jacques Lemaire scored his 2nd of 3 career playoff overtime goals to defeat the Boston Bruins 2-1, allowing the Montreal Canadiens to win the Stanley Cup Final series 4-0.

• May 24, 1980 – Bob Nystrom of the New York Islanders scores the Stanley Cup clinching goal at 7:11 of overtime, eliminating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games.

• April 10, 1982 – "Miracle on Manchester" – Rookie Daryl Evans gives the Los Angeles Kings a 6-5 win over the Edmonton Oilers at 2:35 of overtime. The Kings trailed the Oilers 5-0 after the second period of Game 3 of the Smythe Division Semifinals. This still remains the largest single game playoff comeback in NHL history.

• May 12, 1986 – Doug Wickenheiser's overtime goal gives the St. Louis Blues a 6-5 win over the Calgary Flames in Game 6 of the Campbell Conference Finals. The goal, known as the "Monday Night Miracle", capped a 5-2 comeback, made all the more impressive that all four comeback goals were scored in the last ten minutes of the third period.

• May 18, 1986 – A Brian Skrudland goal ends the shortest overtime in NHL history at just 9 seconds. The winning goal gave the Montreal Canadiens a 3-2 victory over the Calgary Flames in Game 2 of the Stanley Cup Finals.

• April 18, 1987 – "Easter Epic" – Pat LaFontaine of New York Islanders scores a goal against Washington Capitals at 68:47 of overtime which ends longest game seven in NHL playoff history. Islanders goaltender Kelly Hrudey makes a record 73 saves.

• May 15, 1990 – After hardly playing in overtime, Petr Klima came off the bench late in triple overtime and scored almost immediately to end the longest overtime in NHL Finals history. The goal gave the Edmonton Oilers a 3-2 victory over the Boston Bruins in Game 1 of the Stanley Cup Finals, setting the stage for the Oilers' fifth cup in seven years.

• April 24, 1993 – In Game 4 of the Stanley Cup division semifinals between the Buffalo Sabres and the Boston Bruins, Sabres forward Brad May scores in overtime to give Buffalo a 6-5 win and sweep the Bruins in the series, 4 games to 0. Due to Buffalo commentator Rick Jeanneret's colorful play call when May scored, this game has been forever referred to in Buffalo as "May Day."

• 1993 – After losing in overtime of game 1 of the Adams division semi-final to the Quebec Nordiques, the Montreal Canadiens go on to win 10 consecutive overtime games on route to winning the Stanley Cup. They would score another OT winner the following year against the Boston Bruins, making it 11 straight playoff overtime wins.

• April 24, 1994 – Dominik Hasek of the Buffalo Sabres stops all 70 shots produced by the New Jersey Devils as Dave Hannan scores the lone goal over a sprawling Martin Brodeur at 5:43 of the 4th OT in game 6 of the 1st round matchup. At 125:43, the 1-0 shutout is the longest played outcome in the modern era.

• April 30, 1994 – Pavel Bure scores 2:20 into the second overtime of the seventh game of the opening round of Vancouver's playoff series with Calgary. The win gave the Vancouver Canucks three consecutive overtime wins over the favored Calgary Flames, who squandered a 3-1 series lead.

• May 27, 1994 – Stephane Matteau ends the Eastern Conference Finals with a wrap-around goal on New Jersey's rookie goaltender Martin Brodeur. It was Matteau's second overtime goal of the series and propelled the New York Rangers to their first Finals appearance in fifteen years (which they would win, breaking the so-called Rangers Curse).

• April 24, 1996 – Petr Nedved scores with 45 seconds remaining in the fourth overtime to give the Pittsburgh Penguins a 3-2 win over the Washington Capitals to tie their Eastern Conference quarterfinals series at 2 games apiece.

• June 10, 1996 – Uwe Krupp became the 12th player in NHL history to end the Stanley Cup Finals in overtime, scoring a goal at 4:31 of the third overtime, giving the Colorado Avalanche a 1-0 win and a sweep of the Florida Panthers.

• April 29, 1997 – In game 7 of the first round matchup, Buffalo Sabres Centre Derek Plante rips a shot past Ottawa Senators goaltender Ron Tugnutt just 5:24 into overtime for a 3-2 win and propels the Sabres into the 2nd round of the playoffs for the first time since 1993.

• June 19, 1999 – Brett Hull scores with 5:09 left in the third OT in game six to win the Stanley Cup for the Dallas Stars over the Buffalo Sabres. The goal was especially controversial, see No Goal.

• May 4, 2000 – Keith Primeau of the Philadelphia Flyers put a shot over the left shoulder of Pittsburgh Penguins goaltender Ron Tugnutt with 7:59 remaining in the 5th OT ending the longest game since 1936.

• June 10, 2000 – Jason Arnott scores on Dallas Stars goalie Ed Belfour in the second overtime period of game 6 to give the New Jersey Devils their second Stanley Cup.

• April 11, 2007 – Roberto Luongo, goaltender for the Vancouver Canucks, plays and wins his first career playoff game while making 72 saves, one shy of Kelly Hrudey's record; the game would be the 6th longest ever, going into quadruple overtime. Henrik Sedin scored the winning goal.

• March 22, 2008 – Philip Gogulla of the Cologne Sharks ends the longest German hockey game ever and the second longest worldwide, scoring the ninth overall goal in a 5:4 victory over the Mannheim Eagles. The goal came 8:16 into the sixth overtime period for a total of 108:16 of overtime. It was the third quarterfinal game (best of seven) in the KölnArena in Cologne in front of an audience of 17.000. The game began at 5:30pm and ended at 12:15am.

• May 4, 2008 – Brenden Morrow scores on San Jose Sharks goalie Evgeni Nabokov at 9:03 of the 4th overtime period in Game 6 of the Western Conference Semifinals series between the Sharks and Stars. The game saw an incredible goaltending duel as Nabokov made 53 saves in the loss while Marty Turco of Dallas made 61 saves for the win.

[edit] Longest NHL overtime games

This is a list of the twenty longest National Hockey League (NHL) overtime games.

Overtime		Overtime length	Away Team	Score	Home Team	Date	Scorer
1.	6th	116:30	Detroit Red Wings	1–0	Montreal Maroons	March 24 1936	Mud Bruneteau
2.	6th	104:46	Boston Bruins	0–1	Toronto Maple Leafs	April 3 1933	Ken Doraty
3.	5th	92:01	Philadelphia Flyers	2–1	Pittsburgh Penguins	May 4 2000	Keith Primeau
4.	5th	80:48	Mighty Ducks of Anaheim	4–3	Dallas Stars	April 24 2003	Petr Sýkora
5.	4th	79:15	Pittsburgh Penguins	3–2	Washington Capitals	April 24 1996	Petr Nedved
6.	4th	78:06	Dallas Stars	4–5	Vancouver Canucks	April 11 2007	Henrik Sedin
7.	4th	70:18	Toronto Maple Leafs	3–2	Detroit Red Wings	March 23 1943	Jack McLean
8.	4th	69:03	San Jose Sharks	1–2	Dallas Stars	May 4 2008	Brenden Morrow
9.	4th	68:52	New York Rangers	1–2	Montreal Canadiens	March 28 1930	Gus Rivers
10.	4th	68:47	New York Islanders	3–2	Washington Capitals	April 18 1987	Pat LaFontaine
11.	4th	65:43	New Jersey Devils	0–1	Buffalo Sabres	April 27 1994	Dave Hannan
12.	4th	61:09	Montreal Canadiens	3–2	Detroit Red Wings	March 27 1951	Maurice Richard
13.	4th	60:40	New York Americans	3–2	New York Rangers	March 27 1938	Lorne Carr
14.	3rd	59:32	New York Rangers	4–3	Montreal Canadiens	March 26 1932	Fred Cook
15.	3rd	59:25	Boston Bruins	2–1	New York Rangers	March 21 1939	Mel Hill
16.	3rd	57:34	Dallas Stars	3–2	Edmonton Oilers	April 27 1999	Joe Nieuwendyk
17.	3rd	55:13	Edmonton Oilers	3–2	Boston Bruins	May 15 1990	Petr Klima*
18.	3rd	54:51	Dallas Stars	2–1	Buffalo Sabres	June 19 1999	Brett Hull**
19.	3rd	54:47	Detroit Red Wings	3–2	Carolina Hurricanes	June 8 2002	Igor Larionov*
20.	3rd	53:54	Philadelphia Flyers	3–2	Toronto Maple Leafs	April 16 2003	Mark Recchi

*Stanley Cup Finals game

**Stanley Cup winning goal

[edit] Notable minor league, college and junior overtimes

[edit] AHL

This is a list of the longest American Hockey League (AHL) overtime games.

The longest game in AHL history was Game 5 of the 2008 East Division Semifinals on April 24, 2008. The Philadelphia Phantoms beat the Albany River Rats, 3-2, at Times Union Center on a goal by Ryan Potulny at 2:58 of the fifth 20-minute overtime period. Scott Munroe was the winning goaltender for the Phantoms, making 65 saves. Michael Leighton was the losing goaltender for the River Rats despite making 98 saves.

Overtime Length (min:sec)		Away Team	Score	Home Team	Date
1.	82:58	Philadelphia Phantoms	3–2	Albany River Rats	April 24, 2008
2.	74:56**	Houston Aeros	1–2	Hamilton Bulldogs	May 30, 2003
3.	74:08	Rochester Americans	2–3	New Haven Nighthawks	April 10, 1982
4.	62:42	Syracuse Stars	3–2	Cleveland Barons	April 4, 1938
5.	61:46	Cleveland Barons	2–3	Pittsburgh Hornets	April 14, 1953
6.	59:47	Providence Reds	2–3	Cleveland Barons	March 28, 1939
7.	55:50	Hershey Bears	3–4	Adirondack Red Wings	May 17, 1986
8.	53:02	Philadelphia Phantoms	2–1	Norfolk Admirals	April 28, 2004
9.	52:26	Binghamton Senators	2–3	Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins	April 25, 2005
10.	50:16	Cleveland Barons	4–3	Springfield Indians	April 4, 1962
11.	47:49	Worcester IceCats	3–4	Hartford Wolf Pack	May 5, 2004
12.	46:15	Pittsburgh Hornets	2–1	Springfield Indians	March 22, 1941
13.	46:06	Maine Mariners	3–4	Moncton Golden Flames	April 18, 1986
14.	46:00	Worcester IceCats	3–2	Manchester Monarchs	April 22, 2004
15.	45:17*	Nova Scotia Voyageurs	4–3	Maine Mariners	April 11, 1985
16.	44:48**	Cleveland Barons	4–5	Philadelphia Ramblers	April 4, 1939
17.	44:30	Pittsburgh Hornets	3–2	Hershey Bears	March 31, 1951
18.	44:18	Baltimore Clippers	3–4	Rochester Americans	April 16, 1967
19.	44:02	Pittsburgh Hornets	2–3	Cleveland Barons	April 3, 1956
20.	42:55	Philadelphia Ramblers	3–2	New Haven Eagles	March 31, 1938

*Overtime format was one five-minute period followed by 20-minute periods

**Calder Cup Finals game

[edit] CIS–OUA Men

York Lions and Lakehead Thunderwolves went to a fourth overtime (50:47 minutes of Overtime) on February 15, 2007 in Thunder Bay, Ontario. to decide a winner in OUA men's playoff hockey action. Lakehead won the game at the 13-second mark of the fourth overtime period when Michael Wehrstedt beat Lions goaltender Kevin Druce with the winner in a 3-2 marathon. Both goaltenders shone for their teams, as Druce made a remarkable 82 saves, while Chris Whitley made 54 for Lakehead.

[edit] ECHL

An April 10, 2009 game between the Elmira Jackals and Trenton Devils lasted 66:10 of overtime, with the Jackals winning, 5-4.

Overtime Length (min:sec)		Away Team	Score	Home Team	Date
1.	66:10	Elmira Jackals	5–4	Trenton Devils	April 10, 2009
2.	61:24	Louisiana IceGators	2–3	Greenville Grrrowl	May 5, 2000
3.	55:19	Jackson Bandits	5–4	Louisiana IceGators	April 5, 2002
4.	53:30	Las Vegas Wranglers	3–4	Alaska Aces	May 2, 2006
5.	50:37	South Carolina Stingrays	3–4	Mississippi Sea Wolves	April 13, 1999
6.	46:30	Mississippi Sea Wolves	3–4	Pee Dee Pride	May 2, 1999
7.	46:23	Utah Grizzlies	4–3	Fresno Falcons	April 14, 2008
8.	45:47	Hampton Roads Admirals	2–1	Greensboro Monarchs	April 9, 1991*
9.	43:39	Hampton Roads Admirals	4–3	Wheeling Nailers	April 2, 1997
10.	41:31	Roanoke Express	3–4	Hampton Roads Admirals	April 22, 1998

* Championship Series game.

[edit] NCAA Men

The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 5, 2006. Yale University defeated Union College, 3-2, in the ECAC Hockey League first-round playoff game after 81:35 of overtime. David Meckler scored the winning goal with Yale shorthanded.^[3]

A 2000 NCAA regional final in men's ice hockey between St. Lawrence University and Boston University ended with 63:53 of overtime.

Union College also played in the longest game in small college hockey history. On March 16, 1984, Union defeated the Rochester Institute of Technology 5-4 after 33:26 of overtime (college OT periods at that time were 10 minutes each).^[4] Gill Egan scored the winning goal for Union, which lost the next night to Babson College in the National Championship game.

A March 8, 1997 game between Colorado College and the University of Wisconsin–Madison ended with Colorado College winning, 1-0, after 69:30.

A March 14, 2003 ECAC Quarterfinal game between Colgate University and Dartmouth ended, 4-3 for Colgate, after 61:05 in overtime.

In March 2006, the Wisconsin Badgers beat the Cornell Big Red 1-0 at 11:13 into the third overtime at the Midwest Regional Final in the NCAA Tournament at the Resch Center in Green Bay. It was the second-longest NCAA Tournament game in its history and the longest 1-0 game in tournament history. It is currently the sixth-longest game all-time in NCAA Division I history.

A March 11, 2007 game between St. Cloud State University and University of Minnesota-Duluth during the first round of the WCHA playoffs ended with SCSU winning, 3-2, after 51:33 of overtime. It is the fifth-longest NCAA Division I game in history.

In the first round of the 2008 WCHA hockey tournament featuring the 4th seeded Minnesota State University, Mankato Mavericks hosting the 7th seeded University of Minnesota Golden Gophers, the Friday and Sunday games both went into double overtime, and the Saturday night game went into one overtime. The Gophers prevailed 2 games to 1 in the series, winning Saturday and Sunday.

Shots: Per 1: Lakehead 11 York 9 Per. 2: Lakehead 17 York 12 Per 3: Lakehead 21 York 9 OT1 (10 Minute): York: 6 Lakehead 2 OT 2 (20 Minute): York 14 Lakehead 13 OT3 (20 Minute): Lakehead 22 York 6 OT4 Lakehead 1 York 0 Total: Lakehead 87 York 56 ^[5]

[edit] NCAA Women

On March 10, 1996, New Hampshire defeated Providence, 3-2, in an ECAC Women's Championship game after 85:35 of overtime.^[6]

[edit] OPJHL

On February 10, 2007, the Toronto Jr. Canadiens defeated the Pickering Panthers, 4-3, to take a 2-0 series lead in the first round of the OPJHL playoffs, after 104:32 of overtime. It is the longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada.

[edit] High School

Marquette vs Orchard Lake St Marys went eight overtimes during the Michigan State Ice Hockey Division 1 Championship game before Tournament officials stopped the game in consideration of the health and welfare of the players on March 8, 2008. The 1-1 tie resulted in the two teams being declared co-champions. The game lasted 109 minutes. Ryan Morley Stockton of St. Mary's had a MHSAA-record 58 saves.^[7]

The longest game in high school history was in a 1998 FCIAC quarterfinal matchup in Darien, CT between archrivals Wilton and Ridgefield that went to 10 8-minute overtime periods after 45 minutes of regulation (125:00 of hockey). Chris Ludwig of Wilton scored the game-winner while being hauled down in front of the Ridgefield net in the 10th extra frame.

The previous record belong to the Aurora High School-Solon High School game in which Aurora won in the 8th overtime of the Ohio state playoffs.^[8] The winning goal was scored with 3:52 left in the 8th overtime (105th minute), setting an American record.^[9]

[edit] See also

• National Hockey League
• American Hockey League
• Ice hockey
• Ice hockey rules
• Breakaway (hockey)
• Season (sport)
• Easter Epic

[edit] References

1. ^ Jeff Z. Klein, “Hockey Night in Europe: Goodbye, Columbus,” New York Times, Oct. 25, 2008.
2. ^ V. Lychyk, “English borrowings in recent Soviet Russian,” Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 29 (1994), p. 153.
3. ^ http://www.ecachockeyleague.com/recaps/muniyal1.m04
4. ^ Official 2006 NCAA Men's and Women's Ice Hockey Records Book
5. ^ Canadian Interuniversity Sport
6. ^ USCHO.com :: U.S. College Hockey Online :: NCAA Longest_games
7. ^ MHSAA: Games-2008 Ice Hockey Tournament
8. ^ 2007 State Ice Hockey Tournament Results
9. ^ The Remaining Top 24 High School Sports Stories of 2007 – cleveland.com

• The National Hockey League Official Guide and Record Book
• Diamond, Dan; (1992), The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book
• The American Hockey League Guide & Record Book