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For the film soundtrack, see O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack). For the unrelated Simpsons episode, see Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?.
O Brother, Where Art Thou? is a 2000 adventure film directed by Joel and Ethan Coen and starring George Clooney, John Turturro, Tim Blake Nelson, John Goodman, Holly Hunter, and Charles Durning.[3] Set in 1937 Mississippi during the Great Depression, the film's story is loosely based on Homer’s Odyssey. The American roots soundtrack won a Grammy for Album of the Year in 2001.[4]
[edit] PlotUlysses Everett McGill, known as Everett (George Clooney), Pete (John Turturro), and Delmar O’Donnell (Tim Blake Nelson) escape from a chain gang and set out to retrieve the $1.2 million in treasure that Everett claims to have stolen from an armored car and buried before his incarceration. They have only four days to find it before the valley in which it is hidden will be flooded to create Arkabutla Lake as part of a new hydroelectric project. Early on in their escape, they try to jump onto a moving train with some hobos, but fall off due to Pete's inability to get on. They then encounter a blind man traveling on a manual railroad car. They hitch a ride, and he foretells their futures, similar to the oracle of Homer's Odyssey. The group sets out for the treasure. They walk to Pete's cousin's house, who removes their chains. He turns them into the authorities because he needs the money to support his family. They escape from the burning barn where they were sleeping, and continue on their journey. When they pass a congregation on the banks of a river, Pete and Delmar are enticed by the idea of baptism. As the journey continues, they travel briefly with a young guitarist named Tommy Johnson (a character with similarities to blues guitarist Tommy Johnson, played by real-life blues musician Chris Thomas King). When asked why he was at a crossroad in the middle of nowhere, he reveals that he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for the ability to play the guitar. Tommy describes the devil as being "White, white as you folks... with empty eyes and a big hollow voice. He loves to travel around with a mean old hound." This description happens to match the policeman who is pursuing the trio. The four of them record the song "Man of Constant Sorrow" at a radio broadcast station, calling themselves the Soggy Bottom Boys. While they initially record the song for some easy money, it later becomes famous around the state. The trio parts ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by police, and they continue their adventures on their own. Among the many encounters they have, the most notable are a car trip and bank robbery with the famous bank robber George Nelson who when robbing a bank, is angered by an old woman who calls him Baby Face Nelson, a run-in with three sirens who seduce the group and hypnotize them to sleep (using a technique similar to those in the Odyssey)[5] before apparently turning Pete into a toad, as a reference to the witch Circe who turned Odysseus's men into animals, and a mugging by a cyclopean Bible salesman named Big Dan Teague (John Goodman). Everett and Delmar arrive in Everett’s home town only to find that Everett's wife, Penny (Holly Hunter), is engaged to Vernon T. Waldrip, campaign manager for gubernatorial candidate Homer Stokes. She refuses to take Everett back and is so ashamed of him that she has been telling their daughters he was hit by a train and killed. While watching a movie in a cinema, Everett and Delmar discover that Pete is still alive, the sirens having turned him in to collect the bounty on his head. After Everett and Delmar rescue him from jail, he tells them that he gave up the location of the treasure. Everett reveals that there was never any treasure; he only mentioned it to persuade the other men (to whom he was chained) to escape so he could reconcile with his estranged wife. Pete is outraged at this news, primarily because he had only had two weeks left on his original sentence, which has now been extended 50 years in light of his escape. As Everett scuffles with the furious Pete, the group stumbles upon a Ku Klux Klan lynch mob, who have caught Tommy and are about to hang him. The three disguise themselves and attempt a rescue. Big Dan, one of the Klansmen, reveals their identities, and chaos ensues, in which the Grand Wizard of the gathering reveals himself as Stokes. The trio flee the scene with Everett cutting the supports of a large burning cross, which falls on and crushes a group of Klansmen, including Big Dan. Everett convinces Pete, Delmar, and Tommy to help him win his wife back. They sneak into a Stokes campaign dinner that she is attending posing as musicians, disguised as old men. Everett tries to convince his wife that he is "bona fide," but she brushes him off. The group begins an impromptu musical performance, during which the crowd recognizes them as the Soggy Bottom Boys and goes wild. Stokes, on the other hand, recognizes them as the group who disgraced his mob and shouts for the music to stop, angering the crowd. After he reveals his white supremacist views, the crowd runs him out of town on a rail. Pappy O'Daniel, the sitting state governor of Mississippi, seizes the opportunity and endorses the Soggy Bottom Boys, granting all of them a full pardon while the entire event is being recorded and played on the radio. Penny accepts Everett back, but she demands that he find her original ring if they are to be married. This series of events is similar to the return of Odysseus to Ithaca and his task of winning his wife Penelope from her suitors.[6] As they leave the dinner, they run into a mob taking jubilant George Nelson to the jail to be electrocuted. Delmar comments, "Looks like George is right back on top again." The group sets out to retrieve the ring, which is at a cabin in the valley that Everett originally claimed to have hidden the treasure in. When they arrive, the police order their arrest and hanging. Everett protests that they had been pardoned on the radio, but the leader of the police force tells them that it is of no consequence, since the law is only a human institution, plus they have no radio. The guys begin to despair while Everett improvises a prayer to be saved. Suddenly, the valley is flooded and they are saved from hanging. Tommy finds the ring in a desk that he is floating on in the new lake, and they return to town. However, when Everett presents the ring to Penny, she tells him it is the wrong one and demands that he get her ring back. As Everett protests the futility of trying to find it at the bottom of the lake, the blind prophet the trio met earlier rolls by on his railway handcar, ending the film. [edit] Cast
[edit] Critical receptionThe film was entered into the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.[11] O Brother, Where Art Thou? was critically successful, with much praise going to its more modern adaption of The Odyssey, and the film received a 78% on Rotten Tomatoes. [edit] Southern politicsA major theme of the film is the connection between old-time music and political campaigning in the southern U.S. It makes reference to the traditions, institutions, and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the twentieth century. The Ku Klux Klan, at the time a political force of white populism, is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance. The character of Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, the Governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show "The Flour Hour," is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel,[12] one-time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from the state of Texas.[13] W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business, and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show.[14] In one campaign, W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom,[citation needed] an oft-used campaign device in the reform era, promising to sweep away patronage and corruption.[15] His theme song had the hook "Please pass the biscuits, Pappy," emphasizing his connection with flour.[14] While the film borrows from real-life politics, there are obvious differences between the characters in the film and historical political figures. The O'Daniel of the movie used "You Are My Sunshine" as his theme song (which was originally recorded by real-life Governor of Louisiana James Houston "Jimmie" Davis[16]) and Homer Stokes, as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel, portrays himself as the "reform candidate," using a broom as a prop. [edit] MusicMuch of the music used in the film is folk music from the period in which the film is set,[17] including that of Virginia folk/bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley.[18] The music selection is drawn from spiritual music of this region[citation needed] (including that of the Primitive Baptist Church) and other popular religious music,[17] most notably the Fairfield Four, an a cappella quartet with a career extending back to 1921 who appear in the soundtrack and as gravediggers towards the film's end. There is a notable use of dirges and other macabre songs, a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music[19] ("Oh Death," "Lonesome Valley," "Angel Band") in contrast to bright or corrective songs ("Keep On the Sunnyside," "You Are My Sunshine") in other parts of the movie. The lead-guitarist character (Tommy) of the Soggy Bottom Boys is an intended reference to the legend surrounding acclaimed Delta Blues artist Tommy Johnson,[20] who claimed to have sold his soul to the devil in return for being able to play the guitar. [edit] Soggy Bottom Boys The "Soggy Bottom Boys" singing Man of Constant Sorrow. The Soggy Bottom Boys are the fictitious Depression-era "old-timey music" trio and accompaniment from the movie O Brother, Where Art Thou? The name Soggy Bottom Boys is an homage to the famous Foggy Mountain Boys, the bluegrass band of Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs,[21] but also a humorous name given the two backup singers who were wet from being baptized earlier in the film. The Soggy Bottom Boys’ hit single is Dick Burnett's "Man of Constant Sorrow," a song that had already enjoyed much success in real life.[22] After the film's release, the fictional band became so popular that the actual talents behind the music (who were dubbed into the movie) Ralph Stanley, John Hartford, Alison Krauss, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Dan Tyminski, Chris Sharp, and others, performed music from O Brother, Where Art Thou? in a Down from the Mountain concert tour and film.[17][23] However, "I'll Fly Away" in the original soundtrack is performed not by Krauss and Welch (as it is on the CD release and was on the concert tour) but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling (of The Weavers, Tarriers and Rooftop Singers) accompanying on long-neck 5-string banjo.[24] The voices behind the Soggy Bottom Boys are well-known bluegrass musicians: Union Station's Dan Tyminski (lead on "Man of Constant Sorrow"), Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright.[25] The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year[25] and a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals, both for the song "Man of Constant Sorrow."[4] Tim Blake Nelson, playing Delmar O'Donnell in the movie (one of the Soggy Bottom Boys), sang the lead vocal himself for the song "In the Jailhouse Now."[3] "Man of Constant Sorrow" has five variations: two are used in the movie, one in the music video, and two in the soundtrack.[26] Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back-to-back, and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse.[26] Despite its subsequent success, "Man of Constant Sorrow" received little significant radio airplay[27] and only charted at #35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts in 2002.[28] [edit] Similarities between the film and The OdysseyThe opening credits explicitly state the story of the film is based on The Odyssey by Homer. The similarities between O Brother, Where Art Thou? and Homer's Odyssey are numerous, ranging from the obvious to the obscure. While the Coens did not originally intend to base the film on Homer's epic, Joel Coen has been quoted as saying:
While the overall plot is only vaguely similar to that of the Odyssey, there are certain "episodes" that closely mirror the film's classical influence. [edit] ReferencesThe only direct references are the line of text shown at the beginning of the film—"O Muse! Sing in me, and through me tell the story..."—which is one translation of the first line of The Odyssey, and also when Delmer refers to the washer women as "sirenes", saying, "Caintcha see it Everett! Them sirenes did this to Pete! They loved him up an' turned him into a horney-toad!" Many other characters and situations are allusions to the book, though:
[edit] Parallels with the journey of Odysseus[edit] Parallels with the Underworld
[edit] Miscellaneous parallels
[edit] Other allusionsThe title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan's Travels, in which the protagonist (a director) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother, Where Art Thou?[3] that will be a "commentary on modern conditions, stark realism, the problems that confront the average man." Lacking any experience in this area, the director sets out on a journey to experience the human suffering of the average man but is sabotaged by his anxious studio. The film has some similarity in tone to Sturges' film, including scenes with prison gangs and a black church choir. The prisoners at the picture show scene is also a direct homage to a nearly identical scene in Sturges' film.[29] The sheriff who pursues Everett, Pete, and Delmar wears a particular style of sunglasses (glacier glasses) even at night, similar to the sheriff seen in Cool Hand Luke. The scene in which Everett, Pete, and Delmar infiltrate a Ku Klux Klan rally to save Tommy is strongly reminiscent of the scene in The Wizard of Oz in which the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion, and the Scarecrow arrive at the Wicked Witch of the West's castle and infiltrate the Winkie Army in order to enter the castle and save Dorothy. The KKK members march in the same formation as the Winkies and chant the same "oh-we-oh" battle chant, while Everett, Pete, and Delmar infiltrate the group in the same manner as the Wizard of Oz scene, namely by luring three members out of the formation, knocking them out and donning their uniforms. Pappy O'Daniel's speech in which he pardons the trio also contains allusions to the Wizard's farewell speech to Oz. The film also draws on and alludes to the Southern Gothic literary tradition of writers such as William Faulkner, Flannery O'Connor, and Eudora Welty. The scene after the creation of the lake where the three main characters float on a coffin is reminiscent of the epilogue of Moby-Dick, where Ishmael is picked up floating on a coffin. In the scene immediately prior to KKK episode Pete realizing he'll get 50 more years in prison because of their escape says that he is becoming Papillon. Papillon, a Hollywood movie based on a book of the same name, tells a story of a convict who tries to escape from prison but gets caught every time and gets old trying though finally succeeding at the elderly age. [edit] Look of the filmOne of the notable features of the film is its use of digital color correction to give the film a sepia-tinted look.[30]
This was the fifth film collaboration between the Coen Brothers and Roger Deakins, and it was slated to be shot in Mississippi at a time of year when the foliage, grass, trees, and bushes would be a lush green.[31] It was filmed near locations in Canton, MS; Florence, SC; and Wardville, LA.[citation needed] After shooting tests, including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques, Deakins suggested digital mastering be used.[31] The cinematographer subsequently spent eight weeks fine-tuning the look, mainly desaturating the greens and timing the digital files.[30] This made it the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means, narrowly beating Nick Park's Chicken Run.[30] In the end of the film after the great flood, filming was done with uncorrected film. Deakins was recognized with both Oscar and ASC Outstanding Achievement Award nominations for his work on the film.[31] [edit] See also[edit] References
[edit] External links
Categories: American films | British films | English-language films | 2000 films | 2000s comedy films | 2000s crime films | American criminal comedy films | Great Depression fiction | Films directed by the Coen brothers | Films based on Greco-Roman mythology | Odyssey | Films based on novels | Films set in Mississippi | Films shot in Mississippi | Touchstone Pictures films | Universal Pictures films | StudioCanal films | Working Title films | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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