Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Agency overview
Formed	February 25, 1863
Headquarters	Washington, D.C.
Employees	3122 (as of 2008)
Agency executive	John Dugan, Comptroller of the Currency
Parent agency	Department of the Treasury
Website
www.occ.treas.gov

The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (or OCC) is a US federal agency established by the National Currency Act of 1863 and serves to charter, regulate, and supervise all national banks and the federal branches and agencies of foreign banks in the United States. Currently, the Comptroller of the Currency is John Dugan.

[edit] Duties and functions

Headquartered in Washington, D.C., it has four district offices located in New York City, Chicago, Dallas and Denver. It has an additional 48 field offices throughout the United States, and a London office to supervise the international activities of national banks. It is an independent bureau of the United States Department of the Treasury and is headed by the Comptroller of the Currency. The OCC fulfills a number of main objectives:

• ensures the safety and soundness of the national banking system;
• fosters competition by allowing banks to offer new products and services;
• improves the efficiency and effectiveness of OCC supervision especially to reduce the regulatory burden;
• ensure fair and equal access to financial services to all Americans;
• enforces anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism finance laws that apply to national banks and federally-licensed branches and agencies of international banks; and
• is the agency responsible for investigating and prosecuting acts of misconduct committed by institution-affiliated parties of national banks, including officers, directors, employees, agents and independent contractors (including appraisers, attorneys and accountants).

The OCC participates in interagency activities in order to maintain the sanctity of the national banking system. By monitoring capital, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity, sensitivity to market risk, information technology, consumer compliance, and community reinvestment, the OCC is able to determine whether or not the bank is operating safely and soundly, and meeting all regulatory requirements. The OCC was created by Abraham Lincoln to fund the American Civil War but was later transformed into a regulatory agency to instill confidence in the National Banking system and protect consumers from misleading business practices.

The OCC regulates and supervises about 1,600 national banks and 50 federal branches of foreign banks in the U.S., accounting for nearly two-thirds of the total assets of all U.S. commercial banks (as of September 30, 2009).

Other regulatory agencies like the OCC include: the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (of which the Comptroller serves as a director), the Federal Reserve, the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the National Credit Union Administration. The OCC routinely interacts and cooperates with other government agencies, including the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, the Office of Foreign Asset Control, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Justice, and the Department of Homeland Security.

The Comptroller also serves as a director of the Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

[edit] Preemption of state banking regulation

In 2003, the OCC proposed regulation to preempt virtually all state banking and financial services laws for national banks and their diverse range of non-bank, corporate operating subsidiaries.^[1] Despite opposition from the National Conference of State Legislatures[2], the OCC's regulations went into effect. In Watters v. Wachovia Bank, N.A. in 2007 the United States Supreme Court validated the preemption of state regulations by the OCC, ruling that the OCC, not the states, has the authority to subject national banks to "general supervision" and "oversight":

...State regulators cannot interfere with the business of banking by subjecting national banks or their OCC-licensed operating subsidiaries to multiple audits and surveillance under rival oversight regimes.^[2]

In Cuomo v. Clearing House Association, L. L. C., the Court clarified its decision in Watters, stating that federal banking regulations did not pre-empt the ability of states to enforce their own fair-lending laws, as "'general supervision and control' and 'oversight' are worlds apart from law enforcement," and therefore states retain law enforcement powers but have restricted "visitory" powers over national banks.^[3]

[edit] HelpWithMyBank.gov

In July 2007, the OCC launched HelpWithMyBank.gov to assist customers of national banks and provide answers to national banking questions.^[4]

[edit] List of Comptrollers of the Currency

• Hugh McCulloch - (1863-1865)
• Freeman Clarke - (1865-1866)
• Hiland R. Hulburd - (1867-1872)
• John Jay Knox - (1872-1884)
• Henry W. Cannon - (1884-1886)
• William L. Trenholm - (1886-1889)
• Edward S. Lacey - (1889-1892)
• A. Barton Hepburn - (1892–1893)
• James H. Eckels - (1893-1897)
• Charles G. Dawes - (1898–1901)
• William Barret Ridgely - (1901-1908)
• Lawrence O. Murray - (1908-1913)
• John Skelton Williams - (1914-1921)
• D. R. Crissinger - (1921–1923)
• Henry M. Dawes - (1923–1924)
• Joseph W. McIntosh - (1924–1928)
• John W. Pole - (1928–1932)
• J. F. T. O'Connor - (1933–1938)
• Preston Delano - (1938-1953)
• Ray M. Gidney - (1953–1961)
• James J. Saxon - (1961–1966)
• William B. Camp - (1966–1973)
• James E. Smith - (1973–1976)
• John G. Heimann - (1977–1981)
• C. T. Conover - (1981-1985)
• Robert L. Clarke - (1985–1992)
• Eugene Ludwig - (1993–1998)
• John D. Hawke, Jr. - (1998–2004)
• John C. Dugan - (2005 – present)

[edit] See also

• Bank regulation in the United States

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Official OCC site
• RSS Feed of OCC News and Information
• Comptroller of the Currency John C. Dugan
• HelpWithMyBank.gov

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