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Neo-noir (from the Greek neo, new; and the French noir, black) is a style often seen in modern motion pictures and other forms that prominently utilizes elements of film noir, but with updated themes, content, style, visual elements or media that were absent in films noir of the 1940s and 1950s.

[edit] History

The term Film Noir (French for "black film") was coined by critic Nino Frank in 1946, but was rarely used by film makers, critics or fans until several decades later. The classic era of film noir is usually dated to a period between the early 1940s and the late 1950s. Typically American crime dramas or psychological thrillers, films noir had a number of common themes and plot devices, and many distinctive visual elements. Characters were often conflicted antiheroes, trapped in a difficult situation and making choices out of desperation or nihilistic moral systems. Visual elements included low-key lighting, striking use of light and shadow, and unusual camera placement.

Although there have been few new major films in the classic film noir genre since the early 1960s, it has nonetheless had significant impact on other genres. These films usually incorporate both thematic and visual elements reminiscent of films noir. As many classic films noir were independent features (given the lack of attention that major Hollywood studios paid to many noir projects) it is fitting that many neo-noir films are also independent.

It wasn't until after 1970 that film critics began to consider "neo-noir" as a separate genre by its own definition. However, noir and post-noir terminology (such as “neo-classic”, “hard-boiled”, etc.) in modern application are often disclaimed by both critics and practitioners alike due to the obscurity of such an unrefined genre. For example, James M. Cain, author of The Postman Always Rings Twice and Double Indemnity, is considered to be one of the defining authors of hard-boiled fiction. Yet, he is quoted as saying, “I belong to no school, hard-boiled or otherwise, and I believe these so-called schools exist mainly in the imagination of critics, and have little correspondence in reality anywhere else.”[1]

Unlike classic noirs, neo-noir films are aware of modern circumstances and technology—details that were typically absent or unimportant to the plot of classic film noir. In the films of the early 1940s and '50s, audiences are led to understand and build a relationship with the protagonist or anti-hero. Neo-noir films of post-1970 often reverse this role, cuing the audience into their voyeurism. Unconventional camera movements and plot progression remind them that they are merely watching the film and not partaking in the story.

Many critics state that neo-noir as a genre is not a revival, renewal, or even an homage to classic noir; rather, it is a separate cinematic movement in response to social context (the Reagan-era, rise of technology and media, redefining domestic conventions, etc.). Modern themes employed in neo-noir films include identity crises, memory issues and subjectivity, and - most importantly - technological problems and their social ramifications. Because these fundamental elements are as ambiguous in practice as their definitions, film theorists argue that the term "neo-noir" can be applied to other works of fiction that similarly incorporate such motifs. Robert Arnett states that "Neo-noir has become so amorphous as a genre/movement, any film featuring a detective or crime qualifies."[2] It is because of this genre's ambivalence that neo-noir is still shaped and interpreted so malleably today.

[edit] See also

• List of film noir

[edit] References

• Arnett, R. (2006). Eighties noir: the dissenting voice in reagan's america. Journal of Popular Film & Television, 34(3), Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=24660426&site=ehost-live
• Conrad, Mark T. The Philosophy of Neo Noir. University Press of Kentucky, 2006. (ISBN 0-81-312422-0)
• Hirsch, Foster Detours and Lost Highways: A Map of Neo-Noir. Proscenium Publishers Inc., New York, 1999. (ISBN 0-87910-288-8)
• Snee, B. J. (2009). Soft-boiled cinema: joel and ethan coens' neo-classical neo-noirs. Literature Film Quarterly, 37(3), Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=43250055&site=ehost-live