Moses lifts up the brass snake, curing the Israelites of snake bites.
Hezekiah called the snake Nehushtan.
The Nehushtan (or Nehustan, Hebrew: נחושתן or נחש הנחושת), in Judaism, was a sacred object in the form of a copper snake upon a pole. King Hezekiah (reigned 715/6 – 687) instituted a religious iconoclastic reform and destroyed the Nehushtan (2 Kings 18:4). The Priestly source of the Torah says that Moses used the Nehushtan to cure the Israelites from snake bites (Book of Numbers, chapter 21:4-9), though the tradition is no older than the time of Hezekiah.[1]
Snake cults were well established in Canaan in the Bronze Age: archaeologists have uncovered serpent cult objects in Bronze Age strata at several pre-Israelite cities in Canaan: two at Megiddo,[2] one at Gezer,[3] one in the sanctum sanctorum of the Area H temple at Hazor,[4] and two at Shechem.[5]
[edit] Origin
The creation of a bronze snake (the Nehustan) is attributed to Moses in the Book of Numbers. (Numbers 21:6)
Then the LORD sent poisonous serpents among the people, and they bit the people, so that many Israelites died. The people came to Moses and said, "We have sinned by speaking against the LORD and against you; pray to the LORD to take away the serpents from us." So Moses prayed for the people. And the LORD said to Moses, "Make a poisonous serpent, and set it on a pole; and everyone who is bitten shall look at it and live." So Moses made a serpent of bronze, and put it upon a pole; and whenever a serpent bit someone, that person would look at the serpent of bronze and live.[6]
The Talmud, Rosh Hashanah 29a, states that it was not the copper serpent that healed the Israelites; but, it was their looking up and submitting themselves to God.
Archaeological excavations at sites associated with Midianite ware at the ruins of Seti II's temple to Hathor at Timna, in Edomite Seir, have unearthed copper statues of serpents. [7] Whether these were cult images similar to the Nehushtan is unknown.
[edit] Destruction
In 1508,
Michelangelo Buonarroti, commissioned by Pope Julius II, painted on the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel an image of the plague of serpents sent upon the Israelites and their deliverance by the creation of the bronze serpent.
Nehushtan was possibly set up in Jerusalem by Ahaz. [8][unreliable source?] The biblical book of 2 Kings says that King Hezekiah destroyed the Nehustan as part of a campaign to return to the system of law established by the Torah. The destruction of the Nehustan was encouraged by the priests of the first temple who favoured a centralised monotheistic religion and did not entertain other religious places.[citation needed] The name "Nehushtan" may indicate that Hezekiah meant to disparage the image as a brazen thing, a mere piece of brass (2 Kings 18:4).[9] This, however, may be a subtle play on words: heb. נחש (nachash) means "serpent" while נחשת (nachoshet) means "brass" or "bronze".[citation needed]
When the king came to the throne of Judah in the late 8th century BC:
- "He removed the high places, and brake the images, and cut down the groves, and brake in pieces the brasen serpent that Moses had made: for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it: and he called it Nehushtan." 2 Kings 18:4
An 18th-century Protestant image:
The Brazen Serpent, by
Benjamin West; among the overthrown, an unmistakable reference to
the Laocoön It has also been suggested that Hezekiah's destruction of the Nehushtan was a result of the balance of power moving towards Assyria, which permitted him to remain on the throne of Judah as a puppet ruler. Hezekiah demonstrated his loyalty to the new regime by the destruction of an important symbol with Egyptian associations. [10]
[edit] "Nehushtan" in Milan
In the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, on the inside of the third pier on the left stands a short column topped by a bronze serpent, a 10th-century Byzantine work. Popular imagination connects it with Nehushtan.
[edit] Significance to Christianity
In the Gospel of John Jesus compared himself to Nehushtan.
"As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life".[11]
[edit] Significance to Mormons
To Mormons, the Book of Mormon asserts the veracity of Biblical teachings centering on Jesus Christ, including the symbolism of the brazen serpent. Prophets in ancient America, according to Mormon beliefs, such as Nephi, Alma the Younger, and Helaman taught their people that Moses created the brazen serpent at the command of the Lord as a means of healing the children of Israel, the brazen serpent being a type [1] of Jesus Christ who would be lifted up upon the cross and heal those who looked to Him. Augmenting the Biblical account, these prophets noted that many rejected the offer of healing:
"And he did straiten them in the wilderness with his rod; for they hardened their hearts, even as ye have; and the Lord straitened them because of their iniquity. He sent fiery flying serpents among them; and after they were bitten he prepared a way that they might be healed; and the labor which they had to perform was to look; and because of the simpleness of the way, or the easiness of it, there were many who perished." [2]
"But few understood the meaning of those things, and this because of the hardness of their hearts. But there were many who were so hardened that they would not look, therefore they perished. Now the reason they would not look is because they did not believe that it would heal them." [3]
"Yea, did he [Moses] not bear record that the Son of God should come? And as he lifted up the brazen serpent in the wilderness, even so shall he be lifted up who should come. And as many as should look upon that serpent should live, even so as many as should look upon the Son of God with faith, having a contrite spirit, might live, even unto that life which is eternal." [4]
[edit] See also
- ^ "Modern exegesis holds two different opinions in regard to the meaning of the word "Nehushtan," which is explained either as denoting an image of bronze, and as entirely unconnected with the word "naḥash" (serpent), or as a lengthened form of "naḥash" (comp. νεεσθάν in the Septuagint), and thus as implying that the worship of serpents was of ancient date in Israel. The assumption that the tradition about "Nehushtan" is not older than the time of Hezekiah is, however, not contested." (Jewish Encyclopedia, s.v. "Nehushtan")
- ^ Gordon Loud, Megiddo II: Plates plate 240: 1, 4, from Stratum X (dated by Loud 1650-1550 BC) and Statum VIIB (dated 1250-1150 BC), noted by Karen Randolph Joines, "The Bronze Serpent in the Israelite Cult" Journal of Biblical Literature 87.3 (September 1968:245-256) p. 245 note 2.
- ^ R.A.S. Macalister, Gezer II, p. 399, fig. 488, noted by Joiner 1968:245 note 3, from the high place area, dated Late Bronze Age.
- ^ Yigael Yadin et al. Hazor III-IV: Plates, pl. 339, 5, 6, dated Late Bronze Age II (Yadiin to Joiner, in Joiner 1968:245 note 4).
- ^ Callaway and Toombs to Joiner (Joiner 1968:246 note 5).
- ^ Numbers 21: 5-9.
- ^ Magnusson, Magnus, "Archaeology of the Bible Lands" (BBC Books)
- ^ Sharpe, S. (1890).The history of the Hebrew nation and its literature: with an appendix on the Hebrew chronology. London: Williams and Norgate. Pages 170.
- ^ "And he called its name Noheston... That is, their brass; or a little brass. So he called it in contempt, because they had made an idol of it." D-R verse note for 4 Kings 18:4 (i.e. 2 Kings 18:4)
- ^ "The Mystery of the Nechushtan", Hershel Shanks, Biblical Archaeology Review, p58-63, March/April 2007.
- ^ John 3:14-15.
[edit] External links
