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The State Anthem of the Russian Federation (Russian: Государственный гимн Российской Федерации, Gosudarstvenny Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is the national anthem of Russia. The song is a modification of the anthem of the Soviet Union that was used from 1944 until 1990, with music originally composed by Alexander Alexandrov. The lyrics were revised for the anthem of the Russian Federation by Sergey Mikhalkov, who had supplied lyrics for versions of the Soviet anthem in 1943 and 1977. Between 1956 and 1977, the anthem was officially without lyrics because of the references to the formerly denounced ruler Joseph Stalin. In 1990, Russia needed a new anthem to distance itself from the Soviet past. While it used God Save The Tsar! before the overthrow of the Tsar in 1917, President of the Russian SFSR Boris Yeltsin decided to pick the song Patrioticheskaya pesnya by Mikhail Glinka. Composed without words and discovered after Glinka's death, the anthem decreed official in 1993 without lyrics. Because of the lack of lyrics, the anthem did not catch on and did not inspire Russian athletes during international competitions. Despite government efforts to produce lyrics, none was found. Because of this President Vladimir Putin decided that Alexandrov's music was to be restored and new lyrics were to be written for it. The anthem was created and adopted in late 2000 and it was the second anthem used by Russian since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
[edit] Historic anthemsBefore Molitva russkikh (The Prayer of Russians) was chosen to be the national anthem of Imperial Russia, various church hymns and military marches were used to honor the country and the Tsar. Some of the songs that was used were Grom pobedy, razdavaysya! and Kol slaven.[3] Molitva russkikh was adopted around 1815, and used lyrics by Vasily Zhukovsky set to the music of the British anthem, God Save the King.[4] Russia was also influenced by the anthems of France and the Netherlands, along with the British patriotic song Rule, Britannia! when making their own national songs and hymns.[5] In 1833, Zhukovsky was asked again to write lyrics to a musical composition by Prince Alexei Lvov called The Russian People's Prayer. It was well received by Nicholas I who chose the song, known more commonly as "God Save The Tsar!", to be the next anthem. The song sounded very much like a religious hymn, and its musical style was similar to that of the other anthems used by European monarchs. "God Save the Tsar" was played for the first time on December 8, 1833 at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, then later played at the Winter Palace on Christmas Day on orders from Nicholas I. Public singing of the anthem began at opera houses in 1834 and took until 1837 for it to be widely known across the Russian Empire.[6] "God Save the Tsar" was used until the February Revolution, when the Russian monarchy was overthrown. The tune is in several English-language hymnals with words beginning "God the Omnipotent! King who ordainest/Thunder thy clarion, lightning thy throne!" (or variants).[7] Upon the removal of the Tsar and his family in March 1917, the Worker's Marseillaise, a modification of the French anthem La Marseillaise by Pyotr Lavrov, was used as an unofficial anthem by the Russian Provisional Government. The modifications performed to the La Marseillaise in 1907 was to change the tempo from 2/2 to 4/4 and harmonized the music to make it more Russian. It was used at government meetings, welcoming ceremonies for diplomats and state funerals.[8] After the provisional government had been overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the 1917 October Revolution, the anthem of international revolutionary socialism, L'Internationale (normally called in English "The Internationale"), was adopted as the new anthem. The lyrics of the song was created by Eugène Pottier and the music was furnished by Pierre Degeyter in 1871 to honor the creation of the Second Socialist International. The lyrics by Pottier was later translated into Russian by Arkadiy Yakovlevich Kots in 1902; Kots also changed the tense of the song to make it more decisive in nature.[9] Before Lenin's arrival to Russia, the International was not well known to the Russian people. The first major use of the song was at the funeral of victims of the February Revolution in Petrograd. Lenin also wanted the International to be played more because the Internationale was more of a socialist song and not to be confused with the French anthem.[8] Other forces in the new Soviet Government felt that the Marseillaise was too much of a song for the bourgeois.[10] The Internationale was used as the anthem of Soviet Russia from 1918, and adopted by the newly-created Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, to be used until 1944.[11] [edit] Music   The music of the national anthem, created by Alexander Alexandrov, had been used in several hymns and compositions before its use in the Russian anthem. The first time the music was used was in the Hymn of the Bolshevik Party, created in 1939. When the Comintern was dissolved in 1943 it was felt that the Internationale, which was historically intimately associated with the Comintern, should be replaced as the National Anthem of the Soviet Union. Alexandrov's music was chosen for that purpose in 1943 by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin after a contest. Stalin praised the song for fulfilling what a national anthem should be, even though he criticized the way the song was orchestrated.[12] In response, Alexandrov blamed Viktor Knushevitsky for the problems with the orchestration;[13] Knushevitsky was responsible for orchestrating the entries for the final contest rounds in 1943.[12] When making the Bolshevik party hymn, Alexandrov used pieces from the song Zhit' stalo luchshe (Life Has Become Better), a musical comedy that he composed.[14] This comedy was based on a slogan Stalin first used in 1935 after the Ukraine famine and Moscow purges.[15] Over 200 entries were submitted for the anthem contest, including some by famous Soviet composers Dmitri Shostakovich, Aram Khachaturian and Iona Tuskiya.[13] Later, the rejected joint entry by Khachaturian and Shostakovich became Song of the Red Army[13] and Khachaturian composed the Anthem of the Armenian SSR.[16][17] During the 2000 anthem debate, it was discussed in the newspaper Lenta.ru that the music Alexandrov created for the Soviet hymn was similar to Vasily Kalinnikov's 1892 overture Bylina.[18] The supporters of the Soviet anthem used this fact in the various debates that took place in the Duma about the anthem change.[19] There is no evidence that Alexandrov deliberately borrowed or used parts of Bylina in his composition. [edit] Lyrics After choosing the music by Alexandrov for the anthem, Stalin needed the lyrics redone. He thought the anthem was short and, because of the Great Patriotic War, it needed a statement about the Red Army going to defeat Fascist Germany. The poets Sergey Mikhalkov and Gabriel El-Registan were called by one of Stalin's staffers to come to Moscow. They were told to fix the lyrics to Alexandrov's music, keep the verses the same but find a way to change the refrains to where the song sings about "a Country of Soviets." Because of issues with singing when talking about the Red Army beating Fascist Germany, it was dropped from the version El-Registan and Mikhalkov completed overnight. After a few minor changes to emphasize the Russian Motherland, Stalin approved of the anthem and had it unveiled to the public on November 7, 1943.[20][21] The anthem also included a line where Stalin "inspired us to keep the faith with the people."[22] The anthem was announced to all of the USSR on January 1, 1944 and became official on March 15, 1944.[23][24] Upon the death of Stalin in 1953, the Soviet Government began to look over the legacy of Stalin and uncovered a lot of the crimes he committed on the Soviet people. This began the De-Stalinization process, which included of downplaying the role of Stalin and moving his corpse from Lenin's Mausoleum to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis behind it.[25] One of the other victims of the process was the anthem lyrics composed by Mikhalkov and El-Registan; they were officially scrapped by the Soviet Government in 1956.[26] The anthem was still used by the Soviet Government, but without any official lyrics. In private, this anthem became known the "Song Without Words."[27] Mikhalkov wrote a set of new lyrics in 1970, but they were not submitted to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet until 27 May 1977. The new lyrics, which replaced any mentions of Stalin, were approved on 1 September and were made official with the printing of the new Soviet Constitution in October 1977.[24] In giving credit to the 1977 lyrics, Mikhalkov was mentioned but any references to El-Registan, who died in 1945, were dropped for unknown reasons.[27] [edit] Patrioticheskaya PesnyaMain article: Patrioticheskaya Pesnya With the fall of the Soviet Union approaching, a new national anthem was needed to go against the claims of what was left of the Soviet Union. The President of the RSFSR, Boris Yeltsin, was advised to go back to God Save The Czar, with modifications to the lyrics. However, he opted to go with a piece composed by Mikhail Glinka. The piece, known as Patrioticheskaya Pesnya was a wordless piano compositions that was discovered after his death. Patrioticheskaya Pesnya was played in front of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on November 23, 1990 and was quickly picked as the Russian anthem.[28] Between 1990 and 1993, there were many votes called for in the State Duma trying to make Patrioticheskaya Pesnya the official anthem of Russia, but faced stiff opposition from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, who wanted the Soviet anthem restored.[28] Constitutionally, Russia was to have symbols that represented the state, specifically an anthem, flag and coat of arms. However, according to Article 70 of the Constitution, each of the symbols was going to be further defined by future legislation.[29] As it was a constitutional matter, it had to be passed by a two-thirds majority in the Duma.[30] Yeltsin, now President of the Russian Federation, eventually issued a decree on December 11, 1993, making Patrioticheskaya Pesnya the official anthem for Russia.[24][31] [edit] Call for lyricsDuring the entire period that Patrioticheskaya Pesnya was used as the national anthem, it never had any official lyrics.[32] While the anthem struck a positive chord because it did not contain any element from the Soviet past and the public view of Glinka was that he was a patriot and true Russian.[28] The song was also used during the Soviet era; it was called Zdravstvuj, slavnaya stolitsa (Hail, the Glorious Capital) and was created in 1947 to honor the 800th anniversary of the founding of Moscow.[33] However, it was the lack of lyrics that caused doom for Patrioticheskaya Pesnya.[34] Various attempts were made to compose lyrics for the anthem, including a contest that allow any Russian citizen to participate. A committee was set up by the government looked over 6000 texts for lyrics, allowing twenty to be recorded by an orchestra for a final vote.[35] The eventual winner was Viktor Radugin's Be glorious, Russia (Славься, Россия! ("Slavsya, Rossiya!).[36] However, none of the lyrics were officially adopted by Yeltsin or the Russian Government. One of the reasons that was partly to blame for the lack of lyrics is that Glinka's composition was mostly used for praise to the Tsar and to the Russian Orthodox Church.[37] Other complaints raised about the song is that it was hard to remember, uninspiring and complicated musically.[38] It was one of the few national anthems during this period that lacked official lyrics.[39] Between 1990 and 2000, the only other wordless national anthems were of Belarus (until 2002),[40] Marcha Real of Spain[41] and Intermezzo of Bosnia and Herzegovina[42] (until 2009).[43] [edit] Modern adoption The anthem debate picked up momentum in October 2000 when Yeltsin's successor Vladimir Putin was approached by Russian athletes that they had no words to sing for the anthem during gold medal ceremonies at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. Because of this, Putin took the issue to the public and to the State Council.[38] CNN also reported that players of the football club Spartak Moscow complained that the wordless anthem "affected their morale and performance".[44] Two years before in the 1998 World Cup, the members of the Russian team commented that they do not feel inspired to perform " great patriotic effort" because of the wordless anthem. In a November session of the Federation Council, Putin spoke to say that a new national anthem was needed for Russia and that, along with the adoption of the state flag and emblem, should be a top priority for the country.[45] Putin pressed for the former Soviet anthem to be selected as the new Russian anthem, but strongly suggested that new lyrics were to be written. He did not say on what amount of the Soviet lyrics should be kept for the the new anthem.[32] Putin decided to send the draft "On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation" to the Duma for their consideration on December 4.[35] The Duma voted 381-51-1 on December 8, 2000 to adopt Alexandrov's music as the national anthem.[46] After the vote in the Duma, a committee to explore lyrics to the national anthem was reestablished to find lyrics to Alexandrov's music. Working only in December, the committee decided that, after receiving over 6,000 texts from all parts of Russian life,[47] lyrics written by Mikhalkov should become the anthem of Russia.[35] Before the official adoption of the lyrics, the Kremlin released a section of the anthem, which made a reference to the flag and coat of arms:
When the final changes to the lyrics were being made, the above section was not included. After the bill was approved by the Federation Council on December 20,[49] "On the National Anthem of the Russian Federation" was signed into law by President Putin on 25 December, officially making Alexandrov's music the national anthem of Russia. The law was published two days later in the official government journal Rossiyskaya Gazeta.[50] The new anthem was first used officially on 30 December during a ceremony at the Great Kremlin Palace in Moscow to make the lyrics by Mikhalkov officially a part of the national anthem.[51][52] Not everyone agreed with the adoption; Yeltsin said that Putin should not have changed the anthem merely to "follow blindly the mood of the people".[53] Yeltsin also believed that the restoration of the Soviet anthem was a broad move to reject the post-communist reforms that took place since Russian independence.[34] The issue about the anthem was one of Yeltsin's few public criticisms about Putin.[54] The liberal political party Yabloko stated that the re-adoption of the Soviet anthem "deepened the schism in [Russian] society".[53] The re-adoption of the Soviet anthem was supported by the Communist Party and by Putin himself. The other national symbols that were used by Russia in 1900, the white/blue/red tricolor flag and double-headed eagle coat of arms, were also given legal approval by Putin in December, thus completed the debate over the national symbols.[55] After all of the symbols were adopted, Putin spoke on television that this move was needed to heal Russia's past and to fuse the short period of the Soviet Union with Russia's long history. He also stated that while Russia's march towards democracy will not be stopped,[56] the rejection of the Soviet era would have caused the lives of their mother's and father's to have no meaning.[57] It took a while for the anthem lyrics to be known by the Russian people; athletes could only just hum along to the anthem during gold medal ceremonies at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[34] [edit] Public perception As the Russian anthem shares the same melody with the once-Soviet anthem since 1944, there have been controversies including those vowing not to stand during its playing.[58] Cellist Mstislav Rostropovich stated to the press that he will refuse to stand when the anthem is played.[59] At the 2007 funeral of Boris Yeltsin, the Russian anthem was played as his coffin was laid to rest at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.[54] It was common to hear the anthem during state funerals for Soviet civil and military officials,[60] honored citizens of the nation,[61] as well as for Soviet leaders, as it was the case for Brezhnev,[62] Andropov[63] and Chernenko;[64] however, some felt that the playing of the anthem at Yeltsin's funeral "abused the man who brought freedom" to the Russian people.[65] The point of view of the Russian Government is that the "solemn music and poetic work" of the anthem, despite its history, is a symbol of unity of the Russian people. The words by Mikhalkov were selected to show "feelings of patriotism, respect for the history of the country and its system of government."[50] In a poll conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Study Center before Russia's flag day (August 22), 56 percent of respondents stated they like the national anthem. However, only 39 percent could repeat the first line of the anthem. This was an increase from 33 percent in 2007. The number of people who cannot identify the anthem's first line at all was in the range of 34 to 36 percent. Overall, only 25 percent of the respondents said they like the anthem.[66] In September of 2009, a line from the anthem lyrics used during Stalin's rule was returned to the Moscow Metro station Kurskaya-Koltsevaya. The phrase that was used at the station before it was removed during De-Stalinization was "Stalin reared us on loyalty to the people. He inspired us to labor and heroism." While groups have threatened to start legal proceedings to stop the addition, the phrase was part of the original design of Kurskaya station. Most of the commentary surrounding this event revolved over the Kremlin's attempt to "rehabilitate the image" of Stalin by using symbolism of him or that were created by him.[67] This was the feeling expressed by Russian cultural figures and government officials when the Soviet anthem was officially restored by Putin in 2001. A former adviser to both Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev stated that when "Stalin's hymn" was used as the national anthem of the Soviet Union, millions of were executed and other horrific crimes took place.[59] [edit] Regulations While it is the choice of the performer to execute the anthem using only music, only words or a combination of both, it must be performed using the official lyrics and music provided by law. After the performance is recorded, it can be used for any purpose, such as a radio or television broadcast. The anthem can be played during solemn or celebratory occasions, such as the annual national Victory Day parade in Moscow.[68] However, it is required to be played at the swearing-in of the President of Russia, opening and closing sessions of the Duma and the Federation Council, and official state ceremonies. The anthem is also played on television and radio before the start and closing of programming or if the programming is continuous, the anthem is played at 2400 and 0600 hours and on New Years Eve. The anthem is also played at sporting events both in Russia and abroad, but according to the protocol of the organization that is hosting the games. When the anthem is played, all men's and women's headgear must be removed and people must face the Russian flag, if it is present. Those who are in uniform must give a military salute when the anthem plays.[69] According to the Russian Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, state symbols and signs are not protected by copyright.[70] Thus, the anthem music and lyrics can be used and modified freely. Although the Russian Anthem Law suggests accountability for performing the anthem in a way that could cause offense and disrespect, no provisions in the other laws have been made yet that would define such acts and set a penalty.[69] The only penalty that is present in the national anthem law was to punish those who do not stand up for the anthem.[71] It's alleged that on one occasion, Putin chastised the national football team in the summer of 2004 about the team's behavior during the playing of the anthem. Before the start of tournament matches in the 2004 European Football Championship, the team was caught on camera chewing gum during the playing of the Russian anthem. Putin, using Leonid Tyagachev (then head of the Russian Olympic Committee) as his messenger, told the team to stop chewing gum and sing the anthem. Gennady Shvets, then Russian Olympic Committee's press chief, denied that Tyagachev's speech was due to contact from the Kremlin, while stating that it would have been "a proper reaction from the president (Putin)".[72] [edit] Official lyrics
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