Mustering feral cattle can be very dangerous

A mustering camp with a freshly baked damper. The pack saddles and oilskin coats are drying on the fence.

Mustering Corriedales in Patagonia

Horses in the outback are not noted for their docility and this adds to the dangers of mustering.

Grazing hobbles for horses and cattle hobbles (below)

A muster is the roundup of livestock, and is a term primarily used in Australia and New Zealand. Musters usually involve cattle, sheep or horses, but may also include goats, camels, buffalo or other animals. Mustering may be conducted for a variety of reasons including routine livestock health checks and treatments, branding, shearing, lamb marking, sale, feeding and transport or droving to another location. Mustering is a long, difficult and sometimes dangerous job, especially on the vast cattle stations of the Top End and 'The Falls' (gorge) country of the Great Dividing Range.

[edit] Methods

Mustering may be done on foot, with various vehicles, horses or with aircraft. Techniques in mustering cattle or sheep will depend on distances and the type of terrain involved and also the type of animal that is being mustered. Most sheep mustering nowadays tends to be done with utes, motorcycles or all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), commonly called a quads (quad-bikes) in Australia, whereas cattle mustering lends itself more towards the use of horses. The most popular horse for this job would be a stock horse or a very hardy bush horse.

Dogs are typically used where it is possible or helpful to do so. The hardy Australian Kelpie or one of its crosses is the most popular breed of dog for mustering sheep and cattle.^[1] It may be difficult or impossible to use dogs in hot, dry or burry conditions. The use of some dogs on cows with young calves may be counter productive as cows will spend much time chasing dogs that work too close to them. Working dogs are essential in the rugged gorge country and also in scrubby locations where dogs are able to flush out cattle from low brush. The flight zone, too, is an important principle to remember when working or mustering livestock. When mustering cattle in isolated gorge country a good dog will silently move ahead of the stockman and block up the stock until the rider appears to take control.^[2] A stockwhip is usually carried and used as needed when mustering cattle with horses.

If only part of the mustered mob of cattle is required then the selected animals may be open campdrafted away from the mob while in the paddock and driven away. This practice normally requires several skilled riders, but saves time and is better than yard drafting.^[3]

The seasonal mustering of cattle with horses is still very important in the country and the stockmen will spend long days riding and camping in the isolated areas of the north and the ranges of the east. When cattle have to be castrated or ear marked in country that is too remote from the yards, they have to be thrown. This is accomplished by getting the beast off balance either with the pressure of a horse or in open country with a vehicle. Lighter beasts may also be thrown by holding the tail to pull them off balance. When downed the beast may have its back legs hobbled if it is too big to hold otherwise.^[3]

Livestock can also be passively mustered by trap yards, which are set up at points where enticements such as water, molasses, fodder or salt are placed. This method can be an effective and efficient technique for mustering timbered country or for capturing feral animals. A trap yard can be set up around a designated point and the animals can be trained to use the yard over a period of weeks before the gates are closed to outward movements. ^[4] Sometimes quiet coaxers (coachers) are used to assist in the mustering and droving of wild or feral livestock.

One of the most difficult animals to muster are piker bullocks, which are micky bulls that were caught, castrated and then later lost.^[5] These bullocks often tend to live alone and are usually stronger than cows and young cattle.

An old "piker" bullock

[edit] Mustering in the Top End

Aboriginal stockmen played a large part in the life of Top End cattle stations. These men and women were splendid stockmen and were an integral part of the musters. Mustering in the Top End is conducted during the dry season from April to September when additional stockmen will be employed for the purpose. Initially, mustering here involved having stock camps where about three to seven ringers under a head stockman or overseer rode out with the horses to the area to be mustered. The musterers started early each day by bringing up the hobbled horses, saddling up and then spending a long day mustering, branding, castrating and drafting the cattle. These long days were hard on man and beast with each having to contend with the heat, dust and flies. The men endured camping on the ground and had a monotonous diet of meals that were cooked on an open fire, usually by an unskilled cook.^[3]

Aggressive, rogue bulls or buffalo in the Top End are captured using specially converted 4WD ‘bull catcher’ vehicles to bring them down prior to their transportation. This work can be very dangerous and requires great skill and agility on the part of the stockmen involved. Sometimes professional bull catchers, who were paid per beast captured, were used for this work.

Helicopters are now a valuable tool in mustering large areas; they are used to locate the cattle and will then assist the mounted stockmen to yard the cattle. Helicopter mustering pilots requires a cool head and lightning reflexes, as the chopper as they fly works in their own dust close to the swaying treetops. Working so close to the ground, wind is another major consideration for these pilots. These pilots also need the special skill of good 'stock sense' so as not push the cattle too hard or fast.^[6] Planes are mainly used for spotting stock and notifying the stockmen on the ground of their location via a CB radio.

Foot mustering is usually reserved for rounding up quiet or small mobs that are close to the designated destination. This method may also be used in the Southern Alps of New Zealand where it is considered too steep to safely use horses. In this case the stockman and his dogs would be lowered from a helicopter onto the higher slopes to bring the sheep down, possibly before winter. The New Zealand stockmen usually use Huntaway dogs for driving sheep away and the Border Collie is also popular for heading work.

Low stress stock handling schools are now regularly run to educate graziers, stockmen and some helicopter pilots in the working of cattle especially, and sheep as well.^[7]

A 'bang-tail muster’ is conducted to accurately account for cattle on large properties by cutting the tail brush before their release. Thus those with long tails have not previously been counted.

The title of a festival in Alice Springs, NT: Bang Tail Muster Festival.

A subtitle for the Sydney Royal Easter Show is The Great Australian Muster.

[edit] See also

• Stockhorse
• Damper (food) campfire bread
• Drover (Australian)
• Flight zone
• Stockmen
• Stockwhip
• Roundups

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stockmen

• The micky bull