Muhammad al-Idrisi
The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154, one of the most advanced ancient world maps. Modern consolidation, created from the 70 double-page spreads of the original atlas.
Born	1100 Ceuta
Died	1160 Sicily
Nationality	Almoravid
Fields	Geographer Writer Scientist Cartographer
Known for	Tabula Rogeriana

Introductory summary overview map from al-Idrisi's 1154 world atlas. Note that south is at the top of the map.

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply Al Idrisi (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي‎; Latin: Dreses) (1100 – 1165 or 1166) was an Andalusian geographer, cartographer, Egyptologist and traveller who lived in Sicily, at the court of King Roger II. Muhammed al-Idrisi was born in the North African city of Ceuta (Sabtah) then belonging to the Almoravid Empire and died in Sicily. Al Idrisi was a descendent of the Idrisid rulers of Morocco, who in turn were descendants of Hasan ibn Ali, the son of Ali and the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.^[1]

Al-Idrisi's education was probably acquired in Andalusia.

[edit] Tabula Rogeriana

Born and raised in Cetua at an early age Al-Idrisi travelled to Islamic Spain, Portugal, France and England, he visited Anatolia when he was barely 16, because of conflict and unstability in Andalusia al-Idrisi joined his other contemporaries in Sicily, where the Normans had overthrown Arabs formerly loyal to the Fatimids, according to Ibn Jubayr: "the Normans tolerated and patronized a few Arab families in exchange for knowledge"

Al-Idrisi incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Far East gathered by Islamic merchants and explorers recorded on Islamic maps, and with the information brought by the Normans voyagers to create the most accurate map of the world in pre-modern times,^[2] which seved as a concrete illustration of his Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq, (Latin: Opus Geographicum), which may be translated A Diversion for the Man Longing to Travel to Far-Off Places.^[3]

The Tabula Rogeriana was drawn by Al-Idrisi in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, after a stay of eighteen years at his court, where he worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map. The map, with legends written in Arabic, shows the Eurasian continent in its entirety, but only shows the northern part of the African continent but lacks details of the Horn of Africa and Southeast Asia.

For Roger it was inscribed on a massive disc of solid silver, two metres in diameter.

Al-Idrisi was in addition a pharmacologist and doctor.

On the geographical work of al-Idrisi, S. P. Scott commented:

The compilation of Al-Idrisi marks an era in the history of science. Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable, but its descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than seven hundred years afterwards, and their number is the same. The mechanical genius of the author was not inferior to his erudition. The celestial and terrestrial planisphere of silver which he constructed for his royal patron was nearly six feet in diameter, and weighed four hundred and fifty pounds; upon the one side the zodiac and the constellations, upon the other-divided for convenience into segments-the bodies of land and water, with the respective situations of the various countries, were engraved.^[2]

Al-Idrisi inspired Islamic geographers such as Ibn Batuta, Ibn Khaldun, Piri Reis and the Barbary Corsairs his map also inspired Christopher Columbus and Vasco Da Gama

[edit] Nuzhatul Mushtaq

Al-Idrisi's geographical text, Nuzhatul Mushtaq, is often cited by proponents of pre-Columbian Andalusian-Americas contact theories. In this text, al-Idrisi wrote the following on the Atlantic Ocean:

"The Commander of the Muslims Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin sent his admiral Ahmad ibn Umar, better known under the name of Raqsh al-Auzz to attack a certain island in the Atlantic, but he died before doing that. [...] Beyond this ocean of fogs it is not known what exists there. Nobody has the sure knowledge of it, because it is very difficult to traverse it. Its atmosphere is foggy, its waves are very strong, its dangers are perilous, its beasts are terrible, and its winds are full of tempests. There are many islands, some of which are inhabited, others are submerged. No navigator traverses them but bypasses them remaining near their coast. [...] And it was from the town of Lisbon that the adventurers set out known under the name of Mugharrarin [seduced ones], penetrated the ocean of fogs and wanted to know what it contained and where it ended. [...] After sailing for twelve more days they perceived an island that seemed to be inhabited, and there were cultivated fields. They sailed that way to see what it contained. But soon barques encircled them and made them prisoners, and transported them to a miserable hamlet situated on the coast. There they landed. The navigators saw there people with red skin; there was not much hair on their body, the hair of their head was straight, and they were of high stature. Their women were of an extraordinary beauty."^[4]

This translation by Dr Professor Muhammad Hamidullah is however questionable, since it tells us that, after having reached an area of "sticky and stinking waters", the Mugharrarin (also translated as "the adventurers") moved back and first reached an uninhabited island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep the meat of which was bitter and uneatable" and, then, "continued southward" and reached the above reported island where they were soon surrounded by barques and brought to "a village whose inhabitants were often fair-haired with long and flaxen hair and the women of a rare beauty". Among the villagers, one spoke Arabic and asked them where they came from. Then the king of the village ordered them to bring them back to the continent where they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers. ^{[5][verification needed]}

Apart from the marvellous and fanciful reports of this history, the most probable interpretation^{[citation needed]} is that the Mugharrarin reached the Sargasso Sea, a part of the ocean covered by seaweed) which is very close to Bermuda yet one thousand miles away from the American mainland. Then while coming back, they may have landed either on the Azores, or on Madeira or even on the westernmost Canary Island, Hiero (because of the sheep). Last, the story with the inhabited island might have occurred either on Tenerife or on Gran Canaria, where the Mugharrarin presumably met some Guanche tribe. This would explain why some of them could speak Arabic (some sporadic contacts had been maintained between the Canary Islands and Morocco) and why they were quickly deported to Morocco where they were welcomed by Berbers. Yet, the story reported by Idrisi is an undisputable account of a certain knowledge of the Atlantic Ocean by the Arabs and by their Andalusian and Moroccan vassals.

[edit] See also

Atlas portal

Morocco portal

• Tabula Rogeriana
• Islamic geography
• List of Arab scientists
• History of cartography

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Beeston, A. F. L. (1950). "Idrisi’s Account of the British Isles". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies XIII: Part 2: pp. 265–280. 
• Bredow, G.G. (1804). "Edrisis Weltcharte". Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden (Weimar) 13: pp. 418–437. 
• Ahmad, S. Maqbul, India and the Neighbouring Territories in the "Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq" of al-Sharif al-Idrisi. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960.
• Ahmad, S. Maqbul, “Cartography of al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī” In The History of Cartography, Vol.2, Book 1, Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. Ed. J.B. Harley and David Woodward, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London, ISBN 978-0226316352 , 1992: 156-174.

[edit] Further reading

• Edrisi (1866), Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne, Arabic text with notes and French translation by R. Dozy et M.J. de Goeje, Leiden: E.J. Brill, http://books.google.com/books?id=ltUOAAAAQAAJ .
• Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, pp. 104-131, ISBN 1-55876-241-8 . First published in 1981. Section on the Maghrib and Sudan from Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq.

[edit] External links

• BNF (Bibliothèque Nationale de France) [2] type "Arabe 2221" in the box "Cote", then hit "chercher", then "Images" for images of the manuscript of al-Idrisi
• Profile at IslamOnline
• Britannica
• Online exhibition, Bibliothèque nationale de France (french)
• Idrisi's world map, Library of Congress. Konrad Miller's 1927 consolidation and transliteration, with high-resolution zoom browser.