Molniya (Russian молния for lightning) may refer to:

• The Molniya (satellite), the Soviet military communications satellite.
• Molniya orbit, distinctive orbit associated with the satellite.
• The Molniya (rocket), a four stage variation of the Soyuz launch vehicle
• The Molniya-M, a modernised derivative of the Molniya rocket.
• OKB-4 Molniya, experimental design bureau responsible for the Molniya R-60 and Vympel R-73 air-to-air missiles
• NPO Molniya, Soviet design bureau responsible for the Shuttle Buran programme
• Molniya (explosive trap), a KGB explosive device used to prevent cached materials from falling into enemy hands.
• Molnija, Russian watch and clockmaker
• Tarantul class corvette

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