Hypnosis

Applications
Hypnotherapy Stage hypnosis Self-hypnosis
Origins
History of Mesmerism Franz Mesmer History of hypnosis James Braid
Key figures
Marquis de Puységur James Esdaile John Elliotson Jean-Martin Charcot A. Liébeault Hippolyte Bernheim Pierre Janet Sigmund Freud Émile Coué Morton Prince Clark L. Hull Andrew Salter Theodore R. Sarbin Milton H. Erickson Ernest R. Hilgard Martin T. Orne André Weitzenhoffer Nicholas Spanos
Related topics
Hypnotic susceptibility Hypnotic suggestion Post-hypnotic suggestion Mesmerism Regression NLP
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Animal magnetism (French: magnétisme animal), in its most common usage today, refers to a person's sexual attractiveness or raw charisma. But the term originally signified a magnetic fluid or ethereal medium residing in the bodies of animate beings, as postulated by Franz Mesmer. The term translates Mesmer's magnétisme animal. Mesmer chose the word "animal" to distinguish his supposed vital magnetic force from those referred to at that time as mineral magnetism, cosmic magnetism and planetary magnetism.

Contents 1 "Mesmerism" 2 Royal Commission 3 Mesmerism and hypnosis 4 Mesmerism and Spiritual Healing Practices 5 Notes 6 References 7 See also 8 External links

[edit] "Mesmerism"

A tendency emerged amongst British magnetizers to call their clinical techniques mesmerism in order to distance themselves from the magnetic-fluid-centered theoretical orientation of animal magnetism. Mesmerists attempted to channel magnetic fluid, sometimes through the laying of hands. Reported effects included various feelings: intense heat, trembling, trances, and seizures.^[1]

However, many scientific practioners - such as French physician, anatomist, gynecologist, and pupil of Joseph Philippe François Deleuze (1753-1835), Théodore Léger (1799-1853), who had moved to Texas around 1836 -- found the label "mesmerism" to be "most improper".

Noting that, by 1846, the term Galvanism had been replaced by electricity, and seemingly unaware that Mesmer himself never used the term mesmerism, Léger argued that:

MESMERISM, of all the names proposed [to replace the term animal magnetism], is decidedly the most improper; for, in the first place, no true science has ever been designated by the name of a man, whatever be the claims he could urge in his favor; and secondly, what are the claims of Mesmer for such an honor? He is not the inventor of the practical part of the science, since we can trace the practice of it through the most remote ages; and in that respect, the part which he introduced has been completely abandoned. He proposed for it a theory which is now [viz., 1846] exploded, and which, on account of his errors, has been fatal to our progress. He never spoke of the phenomena which have rehabilitated our cause among scientific men; and since nothing remains to be attributed to Mesmer, either in the practice and theory, or the discoveries that constitute our science, why should it be called MESMERISM?^[2]

[edit] Royal Commission

The existence of Mesmer's magnetic fluid was scientifically examined by a French Royal Commission set up by Louis XVI in 1784. The Commission included Majault, Benjamin Franklin, Jean Sylvain Bailly, J. B. Le Roy, Sallin, Jean Darcet, de Borey, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, Antoine Lavoisier, Poissonnier, Caille, Mauduyt de la Varenne, Andry, and de Jussieu.

Whilst the Commission agreed that the cures claimed by Mesmer were indeed cures, the commission also concluded there was no evidence of the existence of his magnetic fluid, and that its effects derived from either the imaginations of its subjects or through charlatanry.^[3]

[edit] Mesmerism and hypnosis

Abbé Faria was one of the pioneers of the scientific study of hypnotism, following on from the work of Franz Anton Mesmer. Unlike Mesmer, who claimed that hypnosis was mediated by "animal magnetism", Faria understood that it worked purely by the power of suggestion. In the early 19th century, Abbé Faria introduced oriental hypnosis to Paris.

He was the first to affect a breach in the theory of the "magnetic fluid," to place in relief the importance of suggestion, and to demonstrate the existence of "autosuggestion."

Hypnosis originates from the practice of Mesmerism, being an attempt at what Braid described as "rational mesmerism". Braid based his methods of hypnotism directly on the practice of Mesmerism, but tried to give a more rational explanation for how the process worked.

[edit] Mesmerism and Spiritual Healing Practices

Mesmerism shares with practices such as reiki and qi gong a concept of life force or energy. However, the practical and theoretical positions of such practices are on whole substantially different from those of mesmerism.

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Connor C. (2005). A People's History of Science, pp. 404-5. Nation Books.
2. ^ Léger, 1846, p.14.
3. ^ The term "animal magnetism" is also occasionally employed in the context of Christian Science to describe unheeded mental influences, malicious or ignorant, resting on its subjects' belief in them.

[edit] References

• Leger, T. [sic], Animal Magnetism; or, Psycodunamy, D. Appleton, (New York), 1846 [N.B. author is Théodore Léger (1799—1853)].

[edit] See also

• Franz Mesmer
• James Esdaile
• Biomagnetism
• Magnetoception

[edit] External links

• Mesmer's propositions (via Archive.org)
• Phineas Parkhurst Quimby on Mesmerism
• Easy guide to Mesmerism and Hypnotism - 1895 introductory book of J. Coates, P.H.D
• Deleuze's account of Mesmer's experiments