Mental health:
Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional wellbeing or an absence of a mental disorder.[1][2] From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological resilience.[1]
The World Health Organization defines mental health as ""a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.” [3] It was previously stated that there was no one "official" definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined.[4]
[edit] History
- See also: History of mental disorders
The treatment of mental disorders dates back to ancient civilisations, including Ancient Egypt, India, Greece and Rome. Medieval physicians in the Muslim world from the 8th to 15th centuries were concerned with mental health.[5][6]
In the mid-19th century, William Sweetzer was the first to clearly define the term "mental hygiene".[7] Isaac Ray, one of thirteen founders of the American Psychiatric Association, further defined mental hygiene as an art to preserve the mind against incidents and influences which would inhibit or destroy its energy, quality or development.[7]
At the beginning of the 20th century, Clifford Whittingham Beers founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene and opened the first outpatient mental health clinic in the United States.[7][8]
[edit] Perspectives
[edit] Mental wellbeing
Mental health can be seen as a continuum, where an individual's mental health may have many different possible values. Mental wellness is generally viewed as a positive attribute, such that a person can reach enhanced levels of mental health, even if they do not have any diagnosable mental health condition. This definition of mental health highlights emotional well-being, the capacity to live a full and creative life, and the flexibility to deal with life's inevitable challenges. Many therapeutic systems and self-help books offer methods and philosophies espousing strategies and techniques vaunted as effective for further improving the mental wellness of otherwise healthy people. Positive psychology is increasingly prominent in mental health.
A holistic model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon anthropological, educational, psychological, religious and sociological perspectives, as well as theoretical perspectives from personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology.[9]
An example of a wellness model includes one developed by Myers, Sweeny and Witmer. It includes five life tasks — essence or spirituality, work and leisure, friendship, love and self-direction—and twelve sub tasks—sense of worth, sense of control, realistic beliefs, emotional awareness and coping, problem solving and creativity, sense of humor, nutrition, exercise, self care, stress management, gender identity, and cultural identity—are identified as characteristics of healthy functioning and a major component of wellness. The components provide a means of responding to the circumstances of life in a manner that promotes healthy functioning.
[edit] Lack of a mental disorder
- See also: Mental disorder
Mental health can also be defined as an absence of a major mental health condition though recent evidence stemming from positive psychology (see above) suggests mental health is more than the mere absence of a mental disorder or illness. Therefore the impact of social, cultural, physical and education can all affect someone's mental health.
[edit] Cultural and religious considerations
Mental health can be socially constructed and socially defined; that is, different professions, communities, societies and cultures have very different ways of conceptualizing its nature and causes, determining what is mentally healthy, and deciding what interventions are appropriate.[12] Thus, different professionals will have different cultural and religious backgrounds and experiences, which may impact the methodology applied during treatment.
Many mental health professionals are beginning to, or already understand, the importance of competency in religious diversity and spirituality. The American Psychological Association explicitly states that religion must be respected. Education in spiritual and religious matters is also required by the American Psychiatric Association.[13]
[edit] Mental health profession
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A number of professions have developed specializing in mental disorders, including the medical speciality of psychiatry, divisions of psychology known as clinical psychology, abnormal psychology, positive psychology, applied behavior analysis, behavior therapy, clinical or mental health social work, mental health counselors, marriage and family therapists, psychotherapists, counselors and public Health professionals.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Different clinical and academic professions tend to favor differing models, explanations and goals.[23]
[edit] See also
[edit] Related concepts
[edit] Related disciplines and specialties
[edit] Institutions
[edit] References
[edit] Further reading
- Atkinson, J. (2006) Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation, Edinburgh, Dunedin Academic Press
- Nesse, R.M. (2005). Evolutionary Psychology and Mental Health in David Buss, (Ed.), Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NJ. Pp. 903-937. Full text
- ^ a b About.com (2006, July 25). What is Mental Health?. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://mentalhealth.about.com/cs/stressmanagement/a/whatismental.htm
- ^ Princeton University. (Unknown last update). Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=mental%20health
- ^ World Health Organization (2005). Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging evidence, Practice: A report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne. World Health Organization. Geneva.
- ^ World Health Report 2001 - Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope, World Health Organization, 2001
- ^ Ibrahim B. Syed PhD, "Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times", Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, 2002 (2), p. 2-9 [7-8].
- ^ Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", The International Medical Journal 4 (2), p. 76-79.
- ^ a b c Johns Hopkins University. (2007). Origins of Mental Health. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://www.jhsph.edu/dept/mh/about/origins.html
- ^ Clifford Beers Clinic. (2006, October 30). About Clifford Beers Clinic. Retrieved June 1, 2007, from http://www.cliffordbeers.org/aboutus.htm
- ^ Witmer, J.M.; Sweeny, T.J. (1992). "A holistic model for wellness and prevention over the lifespan". Journal of Counseling and Development 71: 140–148.
- ^ Weare, Katherine (2000). Promoting mental, emotional and social health: A whole school approach. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 12. ISBN 978-0415168755.
- ^ Richards, P.S.; Bergin, A. E. (2000). Handbook of Psychotherapy and Religious Diversity. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association, 4. ISBN 978-1557986245.
- ^ King, L.S. (1952) Is Medicine an Exact Science?. Philosophy of Science, 19, 131-140.
- ^ A, N.C. (1997). What is Psychiatry? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 591-593.
- ^ American Psychiatric Association. (2006). About APA. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.psych.org/about_apa/
- ^ Princeton University. (2006). psychiatry. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=psychiatry
- ^ South County Hospital Healthcare System. (2006). Glossary of Specialties. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.schospital.com/glossary.cfm
- ^ University of Melbourne. (2005, August 19). What is Psychiatry?. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.psychiatry.unimelb.edu.au/info/what_is_psych.html
- ^ Stedman, T. (2005). Psychiatry. In Stedman's Medical Dictionary (28th Edition). Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- ^ Stony Brook University Medical Center. (Unknown last update). Psychiatry. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.stonybrookhospital.com/index.cfm?id=1874#whatis
- ^ California Psychiatric Association. (2007, February 28). Frequently Asked Questions About Psychiatry & Psychiatrists. Retrieved April 19, 2007, from http://www.calpsych.org/publications/cpa/faqs.html
- ^ Rogers, A. & Pilgram, D. (2005) A Sociology of Mental Health and Illness, Open University Press, 3rd Edition. ISBN 0335215831
[edit] External links
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WHO ICD-10 mental and behavioral disorders (F · 290–319) |
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| Neurological/symptomatic |
Dementia ( Alzheimer's disease, multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex, Frontotemporal dementia, Elopement, Sundowning, Wandering) · Delirium · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic brain syndrome
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| Psychoactive substance |
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| Psychotic disorder |
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| Mood (affective) |
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Neurotic, stress-related
and somatoform |
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Physiological/physical
behavioral |
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Adult personality
and behavior |
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| Mental retardation |
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Psychological development
(developmental disorder) |
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Behavioral and emotional,
childhood and adolescence onset |
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