The government warehouse in Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) was painted on glass by Michael Pangrazio at Industrial Light & Magic, and combined with live-action footage of a government worker, pushing his cargo up the center aisle.

A matte painting is a painted representation of a landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the illusion of an environment that would otherwise be too expensive or impossible to build or visit. Historically, matte painters and film technicians have used various techniques to combine a matte-painted image with live-action footage. At its best, depending on the skill levels of the artists and technicians, the effect is "seamless" and creates environments that would otherwise be impossible to film.

[edit] Background

Traditionally, matte paintings were made by artists using paints or pastels on large sheets of glass for integrating with the live-action footage.^[1] The first known matte painting shot was made in 1907 by Norman Dawn (ASC), who improvised the crumbling California Missions by painting them on glass for the movie Missions of California.^[2] Notable traditional matte-painting shots include Dorothy’s approach to the Emerald City in The Wizard of Oz, Charles Foster Kane’s Xanadu in Citizen Kane, and the seemingly bottomless tractor-beam set of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope.

By the mid-1980s, advancements in computer graphics programs allowed matte painters to work in the digital realm. The first digital matte shot was created by painter Chris Evans in 1985 for Young Sherlock Holmes for a scene featuring a computer-graphics (CG) animation of a knight leaping from a stained-glass window. Evans first painted the window in acrylics, then scanned the painting into LucasFilm’s Pixar system for further digital manipulation. The computer animation (another first) blended perfectly with the digital matte, something a traditional matte painting could not have accomplished.^[3]

[edit] New technologies

Example of the matte painting process used in the film The Wizard of Oz.

Throughout the 1990s, traditional matte paintings were still in use, but more often in conjunction with digital compositing. Die Hard 2: Die Harder (1990) was the first film to use digitally composited live-action footage with a traditional glass matte painting that had been photographed and scanned into a computer. It was for the last scene, which took place on an airport runway.^[4] By the end of the decade, the time of hand-painted matte paintings was drawing to a close, although as late as 1997 some traditional paintings were still being made, notably Chris Evans’ painting of the Carpathia rescue ship in James Cameron’s Titanic.^[5]

Paint has now been superseded by digital images created using photo references, 3-D models, and drawing tablets. Matte painters combine their digitally matte painted textures within computer-generated 3-D environments, allowing for 3-D camera movement.^[6] Lighting algorithms used to simulate lighting sources expanded in scope in 1995, when radiosity rendering was applied to film for the first time in Martin Scorsese’s Casino. Matte World Digital collaborated with LightScape to simulate the indirect bounce-light effect^[7] of millions of neon lights of the 70s-era Las Vegas strip.^[8] Speedier computer processing times continue to alter and expand matte painting technologies and techniques.

[edit] Notable matte painting shots

• The view of Skull Island in King Kong^{[clarification needed]}.
• Mary Poppins gliding over London with her umbrella.
• Birds flying over Bodega Bay, looking down at the town below, in Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds.
• The final scene of the secret, government warehouse in Steven Spielberg's Raiders of the Lost Ark.
• The iconic image of the Statue of Liberty at the end of Planet of the Apes (1968).

[edit] Important traditional matte painters and technicians

• Norman Dawn
• Walter Percy "Pop" Day
• Linwood G. Dunn
• Harrison Ellenshaw
• Peter Ellenshaw
• Albert Whitlock
• Matthew Yuricich
• Warren Newcombe
• Michael Pangrazio

[edit] Renowned digital matte painters

• Yanick Dusseault
• Damien Thaller
• Dylan Cole
• Tim Warnock
• Alp Altiner
• Mathieu Raynault

[edit] See also

• Bipack
• Chroma key
• Compositing
• Computer generated imagery
• Digital matte artist
• Matte
• Optical printing
• Rendering (computer graphics)
• Ray tracing (graphics)
• Radiosity
• SIGGRAPH
• Special effect
• Texture mapping

[edit] References

[edit] Books

• Mark Cotta Vaz; Craig Barron: The Invisible Art: The Legends of Movie Matte Painting, Chronicle Books, 2002; ISBN 081184515X
• Peter Ellenshaw; Ellenshaw Under Glass - Going to the Matte for Disney
• Richard Rickitt: Special Effects: The History and Technique. Billboard Books; 2nd edition, 2007; ISBN 0823084086 (Chapter 5 covers the history and techniques of movie matte painting.)