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Marketing
Key concepts
Product • Pricing • Promotion Distribution • Service • Retail Brand management Account-based marketing Marketing ethics Marketing effectiveness Market research Market segmentation Marketing strategy Marketing management Market dominance
Promotional content
Advertising • Branding • Underwriting Direct marketing • Personal Sales Product placement • Publicity Sales promotion • Sex in advertising
Promotional media
Printing • Publication • Broadcasting Out-of-home • Internet marketing Point of sale • Promotional items Digital marketing • In-game In-store demonstration • Word of mouth
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The term 'marketing mix' was first used in 1953 when Neil Borden, in his American Marketing Association presidential address, took the recipe idea one step further and coined the term "marketing-mix". A prominent marketer, E. Jerome McCarthy, proposed a 4 P classification in 1960, which has seen wide use. The four Ps concept is explained in most marketing textbooks and classes.

Contents 1 Four Ps 2 Extended marketing mix 3 Four Ps 4 Four Cs in 7Cs compass model 5 References 6 External links 7 External links

[edit] Four Ps

Elements of the marketing mix are often referred to as 'the four Ps':

• Product - A tangible object or an intangible service that is mass produced or manufactured on a large scale with a specific volume of units. Intangible products are often service based like the tourism industry & the hotel industry or codes-based products like cellphone load and credits. Typical examples of a mass produced tangible object are the motor car and the disposable razor. A less obvious but ubiquitous mass produced service is a computer operating system.
• Price – The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. It is determined by a number of factors including market share, competition, material costs, product identity and the customer's perceived value of the product. The business may increase or decrease the price of product if other stores have the same product.
• Place – Place represents the location where a product can be purchased. It is often referred to as the distribution channel. It can include any physical store as well as virtual stores on the Internet.
• Promotion represents all of the communications that a marketer may use in the marketplace. Promotion has four distinct elements - advertising, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. A certain amount of crossover occurs when promotion uses the four principal elements together, which is common in film promotion. Advertising covers any communication that is paid for, from cinema commercials, radio and Internet adverts through print media and billboards. Public relations are where the communication is not directly paid for and includes press releases, sponsorship deals, exhibitions, conferences, seminars or trade fairs and events. Word of mouth is any apparently informal communication about the product by ordinary individuals, satisfied customers or people specifically engaged to create word of mouth momentum. Sales staff often plays an important role in word of mouth and Public Relations (see Product above).

Packaging also needs to be taken into consideration. Broadly defined, optimizing the marketing mix is the primary responsibility of marketing. By offering the product with the right combination of the four Ps marketers can improve their results and marketing effectiveness. Making small changes in the marketing mix is typically considered to be a tactical change.Parm Bains says Making large changes in any of the four Ps can be considered strategic. For example, a large change in the price, say from $19.00 to $39.00 would be considered a strategic change in the position of the product. However a change of $130 to $129.99 would be considered a tactical change, potentially related to a promotional offer.

The term 'marketing mix' however, does not imply that the 4P elements represent options. They are not trade-offs but are fundamental marketing issues that always need to be addressed. They are the fundamental actions that marketing requires whether determined explicitly or by default.

[edit] Extended marketing mix

There have been attempts to develop an 'extended marketing mix' to better accommodate specific aspects of marketing.

For example, in the 1970s, Nickels and Jolson suggested the inclusion of packaging.

In the 1980s Kotler proposed public opinion and political power and Booms and Bitner included three additional 'Ps' to accommodate trends towards a service or knowledge based economy:

• People – all people who directly or indirectly influence the perceived value of the product or service, including knowledge workers, employees, management and consumers.
• Process – procedures, mechanisms and flow of activities which lead to an exchange of value.
• Physical evidence – the direct sensory experience of a product or service that allows a customer to measure whether he or she has received value. Examples might include the way a customer is treated by a staff member, or the length of time a customer has to wait, or a cover letter from an insurance company, or the environment in which a product or service is delivered.

[edit] Four Ps

The Four Ps is also being replaced by the Four Cs model, consisting of consumer, cost, convenience, and communication. The Four Cs model is more consumer-oriented and fits better in the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing.^[1][2] The product part of the Four Ps model is replaced by consumer or consumer models, shifting the focus to satisfying the consumer. Another C replacement for Product is Capability. By defining offerings as individual capabilities that when combined and focused to a specific industry, creates a custom solution rather than pigeon-holing a customer into a product. Pricing is replaced by cost, reflecting the reality of the total cost of ownership. Many factors affect cost, including but not limited to the customers cost to change or implement the new product or service and the customers cost for not selecting a competitors capability. Placement is replaced by the convenience function. With the rise of internet and hybrid models of purchasing, place is no longer relevant. Convenience takes into account the ease to buy a product, find a product, find information about a product, and several other considerations. Finally, the promotions feature is replaced by communication. Communications represents a broader focus than simply promotions. Communications can include advertising, public relations, personal selling, viral advertising, and any form of communication between the firm and the consumer.

[edit] Four Cs in 7Cs compass model

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A formal approach to this customer-focused marketing mix is known as 4C(Commodity, Cost, Channel, Communication) in 7Cs compass model. This system is basically the four Ps^[3] renamed and reworded to provide a customer focus. The four Cs Model provides a demand/customer centric version alternative to the well-known four Ps supply side model (product, price, place, promotion) of marketing management.

• • Product→ Commodity
  • Price → Cost
  • Place → Channel
  • Promotion→ Communication

The four elements of the 7Cs compass model are:

• 1.Commodity: the product for the consumers or citizens.
• 2.Cost: total marketing cost.
• 3.Channel: marketing channels.
• 4.Communication: not promotion, marketing communication.

7Cs Compass Model is in a customer oriented marketing mix.

Framework of 7Cs compass model^[4][5]

• 7Cs:(C1)Corporation (and Competitor), (C2)Commodity, (C3)Cost, (C4)Communication, (C5)Channel, (C6)Consumer, (C7)Circumstances
• Compass:
  • to Consumer: N = Needs, W = Wants, S = Security, E = Education
  • Circumstances: N = National and International, W=Weather, S = Social and Cultural, E = Economic

(C1) Corporation( and competitor) is the core of 4Cs. 1) It is necessary to place more emphases on the organization of the companies; 2) It is necessary to execute marketing plans in conjunction with the company's objectives; 3) It is necessary to tackle the internal communication related problems like corporate communication or corporate identity system(CIS), etc. In the market, there are the companies of the same business, the competitors.

But at the time of economics downturn, companies or corporations produce the convenient (C2)“commodities” for the consumers or citizens with the consideration of the total marketing(C3) “cost”, and first of all gain their consents through the sufficient (C5)“communications” and then their confidences by selecting the effective(C4) “channels” in conjunction with the uncontrollable external circumstances. This is the way to survive in the period of low growth economics.

(C6) Consumer Consumers are those people encircling the companies. Instead of just the customers of 4P marketing model, they are the ordinary citizens nurtured by the motto of the consumerism. However of course they are also including the customers and the potential customers.

• four directions marked on the compass: the factors related to the consumer can be explained by the first characters of four directions marked on the Compass.(N,W,S,E)
• N = Needs: companies can offer more alternatives to meet the various needs of the consumers.
• W = Wants: the substantiated needs to expect the accordingly commodities.
• S = Security: the safety of the commodities, the safety of the production process and the adequate after-sell warranty.
• E = Education: consumer right to know the information of the commodities.

(C7)Circumstances Besides the customers, there are also various uncontrollable external environmental factors encircling the companies.

The same as the factors of the consumers, they can also be explained the first character of the four directions marked on the compass. (N,W,S,E)

• N= National and International Circumstances

The National Circumstances are related to politic and law. International environment now also becomes important.

• W=Weather

For most of the natural disasters, the companies can do little but try to predict when they will happen and adjust the marketing plans.

• S=Social and Cultural Circumstances

When exploring a new oversea market, it is essential to study the social circumstances of that nation.

• E=Economic Circumstances: economics climate is changing due to many other uncontrollable factors like energy, resources, international income and expense, financial circumstances and economic growth etc safi.

[edit] References

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (March 2009)

[edit] External links

• Kotler, Philip, Keller, Lane (2005) "Marketing Management", Prentice Hall, {ISBN 9780130336293}.
• Barlon, Kimuli. (2006) "The concept of the marketing mix" Presentation on marketing management, vol 1, September, 2006, pp 2–7-Turku university -Finland - The same article can also be found in: Schwartz, G. (ed), Science in Marketing, John Wiley, New York, 1965, pp 386–397 - and also in: Enis, B. and Cox, K. (1991) Marketing Classics, A selection of influential articles, Allyn and Brown, Boston, 1991, pp 361–369.
• Bitner, J. and Booms, B. (1981) Marketing strategies and organizational structures for service firms, in Donnelly, J. and George, W. Marketing, American Marketing Association, Chicago, 1981.
• Borden, N. H. (1964), “The Concept of the Marketing Mix”, Journal of Advertising Research, June, Vol. 4, pp. 2–7. Available in Schwartz G. Science in Marketing. John Wiley & Sons, NY 386-97
• Culliton, J. W. (1948), The Management of Marketing Costs, Graduate School of Business Administration, Boston, Mass: Harvard University.
• Frey, A. (1961) Advertising, 3rd ed., Ronald Press, New York, 1961.
• Hammer, M. and Champy, J. (1993) Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution, Harper Business Books, New York, 1993, {ISBN 0-06-662112-7}
• Hughes, M. (2005) "Buzzmarketing: Get People To Talk About Your Stuff", Penguin/Portfolio, New York, 2005 ISBN 1591842131
• Lauterborn, R (1990) "New Marketing Litany: 4 Ps Passe; C w

[edit] External links

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Marketing

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marketing Mix

• British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Schools Marketing Mix (bitesize 4P's)
• 7Cs COMPASS MODEL(1981)in Japan[2]