A male oral contraceptive is a male contraceptive that can be taken in pill form by mouth. They are not commercially available to the public, although several forms are in various stages of research and development.[citation needed] [edit] Botanical compounds - In 1980, a test was successfully performed on male rats using leaves from the neem tree.[1]
- In 1995, researchers isolated compounds from a Chinese plant called Tripterygium wilfordii.[2]
- In 2002, researchers fed extracts from the seeds of papaya fruits (Carica papaya) to monkeys. Subsequently, the monkeys had no sperm in their ejaculate. [3]
- In 2002, tests were performed on male rats using oleanolic acid, extracted from Eugenia jambolana, a tree in the southern part of Africa. The tests demonstrated that the chemical was found to reversibly lower the rats' sperm motility without affecting the sperm count.[4]
- Pills made from gossypol, a compound found in cotton seeds and okra, have been abandoned as a potential male contraceptive because the compound was proven to cause permanent infertility.[5]
[edit] Pharmaceutical tests [edit] Research on sperm - Dr. George Witman has performed research on sperm tail proteins required for motility.[7]
- Dr. David Claphamhas performed research on sperm-specific ion exchange channels needed for hyperactivation.[8]
- Dr. Joseph Hall performed research on sperm head enzymes needed to recognize an egg.[9]
[edit] References - ^ Deshpande VY, Mendulkar KN, Sadre NL (Jul 1980). "Male antifertility activity of Azadirachta Indica in mice". J Postgrad Med. 26 (3): 167–70. PMID 7205685. http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=1980;volume=26;issue=3;spage=167;epage=70;aulast=Deshpande.
- ^ Zhen QS, Ye X, Wei ZJ (Feb 1995). "Recent progress in research on Tripterygium: a male antifertility plant". Contraception 51 (2): 121–9. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(94)00018-R. PMID 7750290. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/001078249400018R.
- ^ Lohiya NK, Manivannan B, Mishra PK, et al. (Mar 2002). "Chloroform extract of Carica papaya seeds induces long-term reversible azoospermia in langur monkey". Asian J Androl. 4 (1): 17–26. PMID 11907624.
- ^ Mdhluli MC, van der Horst G (Oct 2002). "The effect of oleanolic acid on sperm motion characteristics and fertility of male Wistar rats". Lab Anim. 36 (4): 432–7. doi:10.1258/002367702320389107. PMID 12396287.
- ^ Coutinho EM (Apr 2002). "Gossypol: a contraceptive for men". Contraception 65 (4): 259–63. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00294-9. PMID 12020773. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010782402002949.
- ^ Hershlag A, Cooper GW, Benoff S (Mar 1995). "Pregnancy following discontinuation of a calcium channel blocker in the male partner". Hum Reprod. 10 (3): 599–606. PMID 7782439. http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7782439.
- ^ Wang H, San Agustin JT, Witman GB, Kilpatrick DL (Dec 2004). "Novel role for a sterol response element binding protein in directing spermatogenic cell-specific gene expression". Mol Cell Biol. 24 (24): 10681–8. doi:10.1128/MCB.24.24.10681-10688.2004. PMID 15572673.
- ^ Carlson AE, Westenbroek RE, Quill T, et al. (Dec 2003). "CatSper1 required for evoked Ca2+ entry and control of flagellar function in sperm". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100 (25): 14864–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.2536658100. PMID 14657352.
- ^ Hall JC, Tubbs CE (Nov 1997). "Purification and characterization of protein D/E, a putative sperm-binding protein involved in fertilization". Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 27 (4): 239–51. doi:10.1080/10826069708001282. PMID 9413557.
- Meriggiola MC, Bremner WJ, Costantino A, Pavani A, Capelli M, Flamigni C (Nov 1997). "An oral regimen of cyproterone acetate and testosterone undecanoate for spermatogenic suppression in men". Fertility & Sterility 68 (5): 844–50. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(97)00363-4. PMID 9389813. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0015028297003634.
- Guerin JF, Rollet J (Jun 1988). "Inhibition of spermatogenesis in men using various combinations of oral progestagens and percutaneous or oral androgens". Int J Androl. 11 (3): 187–99. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.1988.tb00994.x. PMID 2970439.
- Walden CM, Butters TD, Dwek RA, Platt FM, van der Spoel AC (May 2006). "Long-term non-hormonal male contraception in mice using N-butyldeoxynojirimycin". Human Reproduction 21 (5): 1309–15. doi:10.1093/humrep/dei463. PMID 16396932.
- Cheng CY, Mruk D, Silvestrini B, et al. (Oct 2005). "AF-2364 [1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbohydrazide] is a potential male contraceptive: a review of recent data". Contraception 72 (4): 251–61. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.03.008. PMID 16181968.
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