Saint Luke
Image of Luke writing down the Gospel attributed to him, by Andrea Kinndio (1431).
Apostle, Evangelist, Martyr
Born	Antioch, Syria, Roman Empire
Died	c. 84, near Boeotia, Greece
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, Anglican Church, Lutheran Church, some other Protestant Churches
Major shrine	Padua, Italy
Feast	18 October
Patronage	Artists, Physicians, Surgeons, and others[1]

Luke the Evangelist (Ancient Greek: Λουκᾶς Loukas) was an Early Christian writer who the Church Fathers such as Jerome and Eusebius said was the author of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles.

The Roman Catholic Church venerates him as Saint Luke, patron saint of physicians, surgeons, students, butchers, and artists; his feast day is 18 October.

[edit] Life

Saint Luke was born of Greek origin in the city of Antioch.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]}

His earliest notice is in Paul's Epistle to Philemon, verse 24. He is also mentioned in Colossians 4:14 and 2 Timothy 4:11, two works commonly ascribed to Paul. The next earliest account of Luke is in the Anti-Marcionite Prologue to the Gospel of Luke, a document once thought to date to the 2nd century, but which has more recently been dated to the later 4th century. Helmut Koester, however, claims that the following part – the only part preserved in the original Greek – may have been composed in the late 2nd century:

Epiphanius states that Luke was one of the Seventy (Panarion 51.11), and John Chrysostom indicates at one point that the "brother" Paul mentions in 2 Corinthians 8:18 is either Luke or Barnabas. J. Wenham asserts that Luke was "one of the Seventy, the Emmaus disciple, Lucius of Cyrene and Paul's kinsman." Not all scholars are as confident of all of these attributes as Wenham is, not least because Luke's own statement at the beginning of the Gospel of Luke (1:1–4) freely admits that he was not an eyewitness to the events of the Gospel.

If we accept that Luke was in fact the author of the Gospel bearing his name and also the Acts of the Apostles, certain details of his personal life can be reasonably assumed. While he does exclude himself from those who were eyewitnesses to Jesus' ministry, he repeatedly uses the word "we" in describing the Pauline missions in Acts of the Apostles, indicating that he was personally there at those times.^[9]

There is similar evidence that Luke resided in Troas, the province which included the ruins of ancient Troy, in that he writes in Acts in the third person about Paul and his travels until they get to Troas, where he switches to the first person plural. The "we" section of Acts continues until the group leaves Philippi, when his writing goes back to the third person. This change happens again when the group returns to Philippi. There are three "we sections" in Acts, all following this rule. Luke never stated, however, that he lived in Troas, and this is the only evidence that he did.

The composition of the writings, as well as the range of vocabulary used, indicate that the author was an educated man. The quote in the Letter of Paul to the Colossians differentiating between Luke and other colleagues "of the circumcision"^[10] has caused many to speculate that this indicates Luke was a Gentile. If this were true, it would make Luke the only writer of the New Testament who can clearly be identified as not being Jewish. However, that is not the only possibility. The phrase could just as easily be used to differentiate between those Christians who strictly observed the rituals of Judaism and those who did not.^[9]

Luke died at age 84 in Boeotia, according to a "fairly early and widespread tradition".^[11] According to Nikiphoros-Kallistos Xanthopoulos (Eccles. History XIVth c. AD., Migne P.G. 145, 876) and others, Luke's Tomb was located in Thebes (Greece), from whence his relics were transferred to Constantinople in the year 357.

[edit] Luke as a Historian

A medieval Armenian illumination, by Toros Roslin.

The two documents most widely attributed to Luke, The Gospel According to Luke and The Acts of the Apostles, are held in high regard by Christian apologists for their historical accuracy and trustworthiness.^[12]

Archaeologist Sir William Ramsay wrote that "Luke is a historian of the first rank; not merely are his statements of fact trustworthy...[he] should be placed along with the very greatest of historians."^[13] Professor of classics at Auckland University, E.M. Blaiklock, wrote: "For accuracy of detail, and for evocation of atmosphere, Luke stands, in fact, with Thucydides. The Acts of the Apostles is not shoddy product of pious imagining, but a trustworthy record...it was the spadework of archaeology which first revealed the truth."^[14]

Norman L. Geisler observed, "In all, Luke names thirty-two countries, fifty-four cities and nine islands without an [factual or historical] error."^[15]

Christian apologist Josh McDowell notes that in specific instances where Luke's texts have been found to disagree with common scholarly knowledge, where archaeology has been able to resolve the difference, the disagreement has consistently been resolved in favor of Luke. Additionally, Luke has brought to light previously unknown details which have later been verified by historians or archaeologists.^[16] Examples of such details include the names and titles of local officials as well as dates that those individuals served, locations and descriptions of ancient cities, and religious, civic, and governmental idiosyncrasies of various locales. However, see note on Pilate's title below for an example not mentioned by McDowell where archaeology appears to have found an unexpected error in Luke.

Roman historian Colin Hemer made note of the following attributes of Luke's writing:

• Specialized details, which would not have been widely known except to a contemporary researcher such as Luke who traveled widely. These details include exact titles of officials, identification of army units, and information about major routes.
• Details archaeologists know are accurate but cannot verify as to the precise time period. Some of these are unlikely to have been known except to a writer who had visited the districts.
• Correlation of dates of known kings and governors with the chronology of the narrative.
• Facts appropriate to the date of Paul or his immediate contemporary in the church but not to a date earlier or later.
• "Undesigned coincidents" between Acts and the Pauline Epistles.
• Internal correlations within Acts.
• Off-hand geographical references that bespeak familiarity with common knowledge.
• Differences in formulation within Acts that indicate the different categories of sources he used.
• Peculiarities in the selection of detail, as in theology, that are explainable in the context of what is now known of first-century church life.
• Materials, the "immediacy" of which suggests that the author was recounting a recent experience, rather than shaping or editing a text long after it had been written.
• Cultural or idiomatic items now known to be peculiar to the first-century atmosphere.^[17]

Other historians note that at several points Luke conflicts with other history, and therefore appears to be in error. Attempts by Christian apologists to reconcile Luke with other sources have been described as 'hopelessly contrived'^[18], see also Census of Quirinius and Chronology of Jesus. In several cases, Luke appears to misunderstand his source material, or unquestioningly accept of errors made by his sources. In particular, it has been suggested that Luke used Josephus as a source, and that several of his errors can be traced back to misunderstandings of Josephus.^{[citation needed]} If correct, this would put the date of composition of Luke/Acts after 95 and probably well into the second century. It has also been noted that accuracy in some details does not necessarily imply accuracy in others.

[edit] Iconography

Luke the Evangelist painting the first icon of the Virgin Mary.

Another Christian tradition states that he was the first iconographer, and painted pictures of the Virgin Mary (for example, The Black Madonna of Częstochowa or Our Lady of Vladimir) and of Peter and Paul. Thus late medieval guilds of St Luke in the cities of Flanders, or the Accademia di San Luca ("Academy of St Luke") in Rome, imitated in many other European cities during the 16th century, gathered together and protected painters. The tradition that Luke painted icons of Mary and Jesus has been common, particularly in Eastern Orthodoxy. The tradition also has support from the Saint Thomas Christians of India who claim to still have one of the Theotokos icons that St Luke painted and Thomas brought to India.^[19]

[edit] New Testament books

See also Gospel of Luke: Author and Acts of the Apostles: Authorship

Conservative Christian scholars attribute to Luke the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, which is clearly meant to be read as a sequel to the Gospel account. Other scholars question Luke's authorship of these books. Many secular scholars give credit to Luke's abilities as an historian. Both books are dedicated to one Theophilus and no scholar seriously doubts that the same person wrote both works, though neither work contains the name of its author.

Many argue that the author of the book must have been a companion of the Apostle Paul, because of several passages in Acts written in the first person plural (known as the We Sections). These verses (see Acts 16:10–17, 20:5–15, 21:1–18, etc.) seem to indicate the author was traveling with Paul during parts of his journeys. Some scholars report that, of the colleagues that Paul mentions in his epistles, the process of elimination leaves Luke as the only person who fits everything known about the author of Luke/Acts.

Additionally, the earliest manuscript of the Gospel (Papyrus Bodmer XIV/XV = P⁷⁵), dated circa AD 200, ascribes the work to Luke; as did Irenaeus, writing circa AD 180; and the Muratorian fragment from AD 170.^[20] Scholars defending Luke's authorship say there is no reason for early Christians to attribute these works to such a minor figure if he did not in fact write them, nor is there any tradition attributing this work to any other author.

Luke and the Madonna, Altar of the Guild of St. Luke, Hermen Rode, Lübeck 1484.

[edit] The Relics of St. Luke the Evangelist

The remains of St. Luke were brought to Padua, Italy, sometime before 1177, according to tradition.^[21][22] In 1992, the then Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Ieronymos of Thebes and Levathia (currently the Archbishop of Greece) requested from Bishop Antonio Mattiazzo of Padua the return of a "a significant fragment of the relics of St. Luke to be placed on the site where the holy tomb of the Evangelist is located and venerated today". This prompted a scientific investigation of the relics in Padua, and by numerous lines of empirical evidence (archeological analyses of the Tomb in Thebes and the Reliquary of Padua, anatomical analyses of the remains, Carbon-14 dating, comparison with the purported skull of the Evangelist located in Prague) confirmed that these were the remains of an individual of Syrian descent who died between 130 and 400 A.D. The Bishop of Padua then delivered to Metropolitan Ieronymos the rib of St. Luke that was closest to his heart to be kept at his tomb in Thebes, Greece.^[21][22]

[edit] See also

• Gospel of Luke
• Acts of the Apostles
• Order of St. Luke
• St. Luke's
• Icon of the Hodegetria
• Woes of the Pharisees

[edit] References

• Helmut Koester. Ancient Christian Gospels. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1999.
• Burton L. Mack. Who Wrote the New Testament?: The Making of the Christian Myth. San Francisco, California: HarperCollins, 1996.
• J. Wenham, "The Identification of Luke", Evangelical Quarterly 63 (1991), 3–44

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Luke the Evangelist

• Saint Luke Orthodox site
• Gospel of Saint Luke ( English And Arabic)
• Acts of Saint Luke ( English And Arabic)
• About Saint Luke( English And Arabic)
• Saint Luke Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt
• Saint Luke Forums
• Saint Luke Orthodox christian Radio in English and Arabic
• Biblical Interpretation of Texts of Saint Luke
• Early Christian Writings: Gospel of Luke e-texts, introductions
• Gospel of Saint Luke Audio in Arabic
• National Academy of Sciences on Luke the Evangelist
• Gospel of Saint Luke
• Patron Saint Luke
• Photo of the grave of Luke in Padua (in German)
• DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse