The following is a comprehensive list of kings of Persia, which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical Iran and their rulers. | Contents - 1 Early realms in Iran
- 2 Empires of Iran
- 3 Macedonian rulers
- 4 Iranian Empires of Iran
- 5 Arab caliphs rule
- 6 post-Islamic Persian rulers
- 6.1 Tahirids in Khorasan, 821–872
- 6.2 Alavids, 864–928
- 6.3 Ziyarids, 928–1043
- 6.4 Buyyids, 932–1056 آل بویه
- 6.5 Saffarids in Seistan and beyond, 861–1002, صفاریان
- 6.6 Samanids (Proto-Tajiks), 892–998 سامانیان
- 6.7 Ghaznavids, 997–1186 غزنویان
- 6.8 Seljuks, 1029–1194 سلجوقیان
- 6.9 Khwarazmids, 1096–1230 خوارزمشاهیان
- 6.10 Ilkhans, 1256–1380 ایلخانان
- 6.11 Muzaffarid Dynasty, 1314–1393 مظفریان
- 6.12 Timurid dynasty, 1380–1507
- 7 Shahs of modern Iran
- 8 Notes
- 9 See also
| [edit] Early realms in Iran [edit] Elamite Kingdom, c. 3000–519 BC The Elamites were a people located in Susa, in what is now Khuzestan province. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared. Some have offered evidence for a linguistic kinship between Elamite and the modern Dravidian languages of Southern India (see "Elamo-Dravidian languages") but this is not universally accepted. The proto-Elamites lived far back as 7,500 years ago in Iran. See remains here. [edit] Early Elamite Kings (c. 2700- c. 2600 BC) [edit] Awan Dynasty[1] (c. 2600-2078 BC) [edit] Hamazi Dynasty (c. 2530- c. 2030 BC) [edit] Simashki Dynasty (c. 2100- c. 1928 BC) [edit] Anshan Dynasty (c. 2350- c. 1970 BC) [edit] Eparti[4] Dynasty (c. 1970- c. 1500 BC) [edit] Kidinuid Dynasty (c. 1500- c. 1400 BC) [edit] Igehalkid[6] Dynasty (c. 1400 – c. 1210 BC) [edit] Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1210 – c. 970 BC) [edit] Humban-Tahrid (Neo-Elamite)[8] Dynasty (c. 830–521 BC) [edit] Empires of Iran [edit] Median Empire, 728–550 BC The Medes were an Iranian people. The Persians, a closely related and subject people, revolted against the Median empire during the 6th century BC. [edit] Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC پادشاهان هخامنشی | Line of Cyrus | Line of Ariaramnes | | | | - Cyrus II the Great (or Cyrus III), established the Persian Empire and ruled it from 550–530.
- Cambyses II (or Cambyses III), his son, ruled 530–522.
- Smerdis, his alleged brother, ruled 522.
- Darius I the Great, son of Hystaspes, ruled 521–486.
- Xerxes the Great, his son, ruled 486–465.
- Artaxerxes I Longimanus, his son, ruled 464–424.
- Xerxes II, his son, ruled 424.
- Sogdianus, his half-brother, ruled 424–423.
- Darius II Nothus, his half-brother and rival, ruled 423–404.
- Artaxerxes II Memnon, his son, ruled 404–358 (see also Xenophon).
- Artaxerxes III Ochus, his son, ruled 358–338.
- Artaxerxes IV Arses, his son, ruled 338–336.
- Darius III Codomannus, great-grandson of Darius II, ruled 336–330.
- Artaxerxes V Bessus, a usurper who murdered Darius and continued the resistance against Alexander III the Great from 330–329.
The epigraphic evidence for ancestors of Darius I the Great is highly suspect and might have been invented by that king. The Seleucid Dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid Dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid 2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. There were more Seleucid rulers of Syria and, for a time, Babylonia, after Antiochus IV, but none had any effective power in Persia). [edit] Iranian Empires of Iran [edit] Parthian Empire[9] (Arsacid Empire.), 247 BC – AD 228
There were various regional client dynasties, often with significant autonomy. Like the Elymais client Kingdom that occupied the area of ancient Elam, and kingdoms of Mesene in Lower Mesopotamia and Persis (Fars) in Central Iran, as well as Adiabene in Northern Mesopotamia..
[edit] Sassanid Empire, AD 224–651 - Ardashir I, 224 to 241
- Shapur I, 241–272, the first to claim universal rule: King of Iran and Aniran, (Aniran means the world of non-Iranians)
- Hormizd I, 272–273
- Bahram I, 273–276
- Bahram II, 276–293
- Bahram III year 293
- Narseh, 293–302
- Hormizd II, 302–310
- Shapur II, 310–379
- Ardashir II, 379–383
- Shapur III, 383–388
- Bahram IV, 388–399
- Yazdegerd I, 399–420
- Bahram V, 420–438
- Yazdegerd II, 438–457
- Hormizd III, 457–459
- Peroz I, 457–484
- Balash, 484–488
- Kavadh I, 488–531
- Khosrau I, 531–579
- Hormizd IV, 579–590
- Khosrau II, 590–628
- Kavadh II, 628
- Ardashir III, 628–630
- Shahrbaraz, 630
- Boran (Purandokht) and others, 630–631
- Hormizd VI (or V), 631–632
- Yazdegerd III, 632–651
[edit] Arab caliphs rule All Persian provinces served under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. divided, 867–1029 [edit] post-Islamic Persian rulers [edit] Tahirids in Khorasan, 821–872 [edit] Alavids, 864–928 - Hasan ebne Zeid Hasani, Emir 864–884
- Mohammad ebne Zeid, 884–900
- Hasan ebne Ali Hoseini, 913–916
- Hasan ebne Ghasem Hasani, 916–928
[edit] Ziyarids, 928–1043 [edit] Buyyids, 932–1056 آل بویه [edit] Diylamids of Fars دیلمیان [edit] Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman [edit] Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan [edit] Saffarids in Seistan and beyond, 861–1002, صفاریان [edit] Samanids (Proto-Tajiks), 892–998 سامانیان [edit] Ghaznavids, 997–1186 غزنویان - Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, Sultan 997–1030
- Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030
- Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040
- Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049
- Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049
- Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052
- Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059
- Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098
- Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115
- Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117
- Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153
- Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160
- Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186
[edit] Seljuks, 1029–1194 سلجوقیان divided, 1194–1256 An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia. - Ghotb-al-Din Muhammad I of Khwarazm ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah (1096–1128)
- Ala-al-Din Abol Mozaffar Aziz ebne Ghotb-al-Din ebne Mohammad (1128–1156)
- Taj-al-Din Abolfath IlIl-Arslan (1156–1171)
- Jalal-al-Din Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan (1171–1172)
- Muhammad II of Khwarezm (Ala-al-Din Takesh ebne Il Arsalan) (1172–1199)
- Soltan Jalal-al-Din Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh (1199–1220)
- Jalal-al-Din Mingburnu ebne Ala-al-Din Mohammad (1220–1230)
Permanently destroyed by Mongol empire. [edit] Ilkhans, 1256–1380 ایلخانان The preceding era of disunity, also called First era of fragmentation, was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a Mongol khanate, nominally subject to the Great Khan. (Ilkhan means governor of an il, i.e. province). - Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
- Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
- Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
- Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284-1291
- Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
- Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
- Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
- Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
- Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
- Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
- Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
- Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
- Sati beg, daughter of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
- Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
- Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
- Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
- Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355
The Second era of fragmentation begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by Timur, around 1380 [edit] Muzaffarid Dynasty, 1314–1393 مظفریان - Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1335–1364 with...
- Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1366–1384
- Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan. - Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
- Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
- Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
- Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
[edit] Timurid dynasty, 1380–1507 The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other. - Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1392-1407, effectively ruled from Qandahar
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars. Rulers in Transoxiana: Rulers in Khurasan: Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id. After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat. Rulers in Samarkand: conquered by the Uzbeks Rulers in Herat: conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids [edit] Shahs of modern Iran The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation. [edit] Safavid dynasty, 1502–1736 صفویه -
- Safavi Line
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- Marashi-Safavi Line
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- Safavi Line
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- Marashi-Safavi Line
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- Sultani-Safavi Line
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- Unknown House
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- Sultani-Safavi Line
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- Unknown-Sultani-Safavi Line
- Mohammad Shah 1786 He married the daughter of Ismail III and was installed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar Quyunlu. From his descendants come the Beys of Tunisia (through his daughter).
[edit] Hotaki dynasty (Afghan rulers), 1722-1729 [edit] Afsharid dynasty, 1736–1797 دودمان افشار [edit] Zand dynasty, 1750–1794 دودمان زند Here begins the modern history of the nation-state Iran. After the fall of the Afsharids, the eastern lands of Persia were lost to Pashtun tribes who created their own independent kingdom, which later became known as Afghanistan, however still a great portion of Afghanistan was a part of Persia, which was separated from Persia at the time of Qajars. For more information, see History of Afghanistan. The Zand kings never styled himself as "shah" or king, and instead used the title President (Vakil ar-Ra'aayaa وکیل الرعایا). [edit] Qajar dynasty, 1794–1925 دودمان قاجار [edit] Pahlavi dynasty, 1925–1979 دودمان پهلوی In 1979 a revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979. - ^ The first three kings of Awan were also kings of Mesopotamia.
- ^ He was also king of Mesopotamia.
- ^ He and his three successors are known only from the king lists.
- ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Epartid dynasty are prepared based on Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
- ^ "Ruhushak" means son of sister but probably it refers to a dynastical marriage between siblings.
- ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Igehalkid dynasty are prepared based on Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
- ^ He was also king of Babylon.
- ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Humban-Tahrid dynasty are prepared based on these articles: Henkelman , wouter. Defining Neo-Elamite History. ARTA , 2003. Reade , Julian E. Elam after the Assyrian Sack of Susa in 647 B.C. NABU , 2000. Tavernier , Jan. Some Thoughts on Neo-Elamite Chronology. ARTA , 2004 The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. I.2. Vallat , Francois. Shutruk-Nahunte , Shutur-Nahunte et l'imbroglio neo-elamite. NABU , 1995. Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
- ^ The dates of early Arsacids here is based on these articles: Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers. I", Parthica, 6, 2004, pp. 69-93. Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers, II a revised stemma", Parthica, 7, 2005, pp.29-63. Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 B.C.", Parthica, 8, 2006, pp. 55-104. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers. I", Parthica, 6, 2004, pp. 69-93.
- ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
[edit] See also |
