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Censorship

By media

Banned books · Banned films Re-edited film · Internet · Music Press · Radio  · Thought Speech and expression Video games

Methods

Book burning · Book challenging Bleeping · Broadcast delay Chilling effect Conspiracy of silence Content-control software Euphemism · Expurgation Financial  · Gag order Heckling · Memory hole Pixelization · Postal Prior restraint · Revisionism Self-censorship · Speech code Whitewashing · Verbal offence Strategic lawsuit

Contexts

Corporate · Political · Religious Ideological · Criminal speech Hate speech · Media bias Suppression of dissent

By country

Censorship · Freedom of speech

v • d • e

For nearly the entire history of film production, certain films have been either boycotted by political and religious groups or literally banned by a regime for political or moral reasons. Paradoxically, banning a movie often completely fails to achieve its intention of preventing a movie from being seen—the publicity given worldwide to banned films often results in it being given attention it might not otherwise receive.

With the advent of the Internet, the ability of groups or governments to ban a film is hindered. High-speed Internet access and better file compression give more people access to digital copies of movies that might not be available for viewing in cinemas.

Contents 1 Banning versus censoring 2 Timeline 2.1 Argentina 2.2 Australia 2.3 Brazil 2.4 Burma 2.5 Bhutan 2.6 Canada 2.7 Kampuchea 2.8 China 2.9 Denmark 2.10 Egypt 2.11 Finland 2.12 France 2.13 Germany 2.14 Greece 2.15 Hungary 2.16 Iceland 2.17 India 2.18 Iran 2.19 Iraq 2.20 Ireland 2.21 Italy 2.22 Japan 2.23 Kuwait 2.24 Lebanon 2.25 Malaysia 2.26 Morocco 2.27 The Netherlands 2.28 New Zealand 2.29 Norway 2.30 Oman 2.31 Pakistan 2.32 Poland 2.33 Portugal 2.34 Romania 2.35 Russia 2.36 Samoa 2.37 Singapore 2.38 Solomon Islands 2.39 South Africa 2.40 Soviet Union 2.41 South Korea 2.42 Spain 2.43 Sri Lanka 2.44 Sweden 2.45 Switzerland 2.46 Thailand 2.47 Trinidad and Tobago 2.48 Tunisia 2.49 Turkey 2.50 Ukraine 2.51 United Arab Emirates 2.52 United Kingdom 2.53 United States 2.54 Vatican City 2.55 Vietnam 2.56 Yemen 2.57 Zimbabwe 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading 6 External links

[edit] Banning versus censoring

Many governments have commissions to censor and/or rate productions for film and television exhibition. From a government standpoint, the censoring of films is more effective than banning, because it limits the scope of potentially dangerous or subversive cinema without overtly limiting freedom of speech.^{[dubious – discuss][clarification needed How is censoring content from films not an overt limitation of freedom of speech?][citation needed]}

Also, it is common for filmmakers to claim that their movie is banned when, in fact, the movies aren't banned but unable to find distributors. This is a common practice for both independent and foreign films. A recent example of this is the Toei Company's Battle Royale, a Japanese movie that has been unable to find distribution within the US because the Toei Company has demanded an unusually high distribution price with additional demands for its release.^[1] If a movie is not distributed because of economic reasons, it cannot truly be considered a banned movie.

[edit] Timeline

[edit] Argentina

• 1985: Je vous salue Marie (Hail Mary), directed by Jean-Luc Godard, was banned due to its blasphemous and sexual contents.^[2]

[edit] Australia

Australia's OFLC (Office of Film and Literature Classification) uses the Commonwealth Classification Act 1995 as a guide for the majority of the censorship within the country, however each state and territory is free to make additional legislation. See also Censorship in Australia.

In practice, films still get a short cinematic run before they are reviewed & prevented from being shown at cinemas or released on DVD.

Year	Name	Reason
1907	The Story of the Kelly Gang	Banned in Benalla and Wangaratta due to bushranger content.
1911	The Story of the Kelly Gang	Banned in Adelaide due to bushranger content.
1912	The Story of the Kelly Gang	Banned in New South Wales due to bushranger content.
1928 - 1941	Dawn, Klondike Annie (starring Mae West), Applause (it contained chorus girls), Compulsory Hands, Cape Forlorn, The Ladies Man (sexual overtones), White Cargo (interracial theme), The Five Year Plan (discussed communism), All Quiet on the Western Front, Gang Bullets, Each Dawn I Die, Hell's Kitchen (three US gangster films), The King and the Chorus Girl, The Birth of a Baby ("not in the public interest"), The Green Pastures, Susan and God (blasphemy), Reefer Madness and Of Mice and Men (sex and violence in combination).	Banned due to content (see left).
1942	The Monster and the Girl, The Man With Two Lives, Invisible Ghost, and King Kong, Frankenstein, Dracula plus their respective sequels	Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty.

• 1964 - 1970: R. J. Prowse is appointed Chief Censor and Campbell goes into the Appeals Board. During the liberal 1960s many more films were being banned including The Miracle, Viridiana, La Dolce Vita, Satyricon, The Silence, Blowup and Zabriskie Point.
• 1971: Customs Minister Don Chipp begins the development of a new classification system which includes the much-needed R18+ rating for adult content, meaning movies that were once banned are gradually released.
• 1972: Pink Flamingos was banned until 1984, when it is passed with an X18+ rating. Soon after the X18+ guidelines were amended and the film was effectively banned again. In 1997, the 25th anniversary of its release, the uncut version of the film was refused classification.^[3]
• 1975: Under pressure from Western conservatives, the OFLC viewed the arthouse Belgian film Vase de Noces (also known as Wedding Trough) and banned it from being played at the Perth International Film Festival (before this, film festivals were not held by restrictions of the censors). In a controversial move, the board lifted the ban on appeal, and the film was allowed to be screened.
• 1976: Pasolini's Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma is banned. Vase de Noces is re-banned, and it remains banned to this day.
• 1982: Four years after its 1978 international premiere, a cut version of I Spit on Your Grave is released with an R18+ classification.
• 1984: A governmental conference is held, resulting in the X18+ rating being introduced to cope with the upsurge in hardcore pornographic films, and the later abolition of X18+ rated material in most Australian states (ownership of hardcore porn remains legal). Cannibal Holocaust, an extremely graphic cannibal film by director Ruggero Deodato, was banned until 2005.
• 1986: Lucker the Necrophagous is banned due to its graphic necrophilia content.
• 1986: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 was banned due to its violent content. The original uncut version that was issued on video to retailers throughout Australia was done so illegally by a duplicating house and without the knowledge of the OFLC; When word leaked amidst the video industry, a number of retailers and the duplicating house was raided by Federal Customs.
• 1987: I Spit on Your Grave survives an appeal to have the film banned.
• 1990: Gail Malone is fired and the Queensland Film Board of Review is disbanded when the new Labor Premier Wayne Goss is outraged that the Board had banned an edited version of Bad Taste after a three-week run in cinemas (the South Australian Classification Council cut it by a further 4 min 30 sec for an M rating). It is later released uncut on DVD. A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors was also banned for a brief period, but later released on VHS and DVD.
• 1992: The Chinese gore film Dr. Lamb, previously banned, is released with 9 m 30s cut. Nekromantik, its sequel Nekromantik 2 and Joe D'Amato's Buio Omega are banned for necrophilia content, The Beast in Heat is banned for excessive sexual violence and Final Exit are banned for controversial themes after customs confiscations. Urotsukidoji: Legend Of The Overfiend becomes the first animated feature to be banned in Australia. A censored version of the film is later released, as are all its sequels.
• 1993: The ban on Pasolini's Salò is lifted. The MA15+ classification is introduced.
• 1995: Twelve queer films are banned from Tasmania's Queer film festival, including Spikes and Heels, Coming Out Under Fire, What a Lesbian Looks Like, Mad About the Boy, 21st century Nuns and Sex Fish. [1]
• 1996: The Frighteners was banned in Tasmania because of sensitivity to the nature of the then recent Port Arthur massacre (including a similar appearance of the film's antagonist and the gunman, Martin Bryant). The film has since been televised and released on VHS and DVD without problems.
• 1997: Pasolini's Salò is re-banned, a ban still in force. I Spit on Your Grave is banned.
• 2000: Romance is banned, but is later passed on appeal by the OFLC with an R18+ rating.
• 2002: Baise-moi is banned after initially being passed with an R18+ rating.
• 2003: Ken Park is banned, and NSW police close down a planned screening of the film.
• 2004: The uncut version of I Spit on Your Grave was unbanned and awarded an R18+ classification.
• 2005: Wolf Creek was temporarily banned in the Northern Territory to avoid influence during the trial of Bradley John Murdoch for murder. It was re-released in the Northern Territory in January 2006.[2] The OFLC unbanned a number of previously banned films including Cannibal Holocaust and The New York Ripper after a lengthy review. The South Australian Classification Council upgrades the classification of 9 Songs from R18+ to X18+, effectively banning it in South Australia (it remains R18+ in the rest of the country).
• 2006: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 was finally passed for official release in Australia on November 30.

[edit] Brazil

• Di Cavalcanti (1977) was banned outright.
• Beyond Citizen Kane (1993) this movie was censored^{[clarification needed (censured or censored?)]} due to several law suits from the media giant TV Globo and it is still not freely available to the public.

[edit] Burma

• The King & I (1956)
• Peeping Tom (1960)
• The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
• Catch-22 (1970)
• A Clockwork Orange (1971)
• Pink Flamingos (1972)
• The Exorcist (1973)
• The Fortune (1975)
• Saturday Night Fever (1977)
• Apocalypse Now (1979)
• Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
• Cannibal Holocaust (1980)
• Scarface (1983)
• Full Metal Jacket (1987)
• The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
• Henry & June (1990)
• Showgirls (1995)
• Boogie Nights (1997)
• Seven Years in Tibet (1997)
• The Prince of Egypt (1998)
• Saving Private Ryan (1998)
• Anna and the King (1999)
• Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999)
• South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999)
• Three Kings (1999)
• Zoolander (2001)
• Pinocchio (2002)
• The Queen of the Damned (2002)
• Bruce Almighty (2003)
• Freddy vs. Jason (2003)
• Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life (2003)
• The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
• The Matrix Revolutions (2003)
• The Passion of the Christ (2004)
• Sideways (2004)
• Team America: World Police (2004)
• Brokeback Mountain (2005)
• Hostel (2005)
• Rent (2005)
• Sin City (2005)
• Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (2006)
• The Da Vinci Code (2006)
• United 93 (2006)
• 300 (2007)
• Hostel: Part II (2007)
• The Simpsons Movie (2007)
• Meet the Spartans (2008)
• Rambo (2008)

[edit] Bhutan

(*)=Banned Outright

• Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) - banned due to inappropriate religious content.*
• Cannibal Holocaust (1980) - banned due to animal cruelty.*

[edit] Canada

Prior to the late 1980s and early 1990s, all Canadian provinces banned films with no purpose other than the display of explicit sexuality or excessive violence.

• 1918: Manitoba institutes a ban (since lifted) on all comedies.
• 1972: Pink Flamingos is edited in several provinces with the Maritimes banning it outright until 1997.
• 1976: Blood Sucking Freaks is banned in the Maritimes and Ontario.
• 1977: In the Realm of the Senses is banned by all provinces except Quebec. In 1991, the ban was overturned by most provinces.
• 1979: Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens is banned in the Maritimes.
• 1980: Caligula is banned by all provinces, edited versions were later passed.
• 1980: The Tin Drum is edited and later banned outright by the Ontario Film Classification Board.
• 1983: I Spit on Your Grave was banned in the Maritimes until 1998.
• 1985: Day of the Dead is banned in Ontario and the Maritimes, with a cut version passed in Ontario.
• 1987: Bad Taste is banned in Nova Scotia; it is now available on DVD with an 18 rating.
• 1989-1993: The Death Scenes video series is banned in the Maritimes.
• 1994: Exit to Eden is temporarily banned by the Saskatchewan Film and Video Classification Board.
• 1997: Bastard Out of Carolina is banned by the Maritime Film Classification Board. This decision was later appealed and a video release was allowed.
• 2001: Fat Girl banned by the Ontario Film Review Board until 2003.
• 2006: Bumfights, a series of shot-on-tape reality productions, is banned in seven of the ten provinces and territories; the remaining three give it an R rating.

At present, only films containing prohibited material (such as child pornography) or under court order (such as libel or copyright infringement) are banned in Canadian Provinces.

[edit] Kampuchea

• 2005: Human or Ghost, for containing excessive sexual content.
• 2008: The Red Sense, for its Khmer Rouge topical material.

[edit] China

Because only 20 imported films are granted permission to screen each year in China^{[when?][vague]}, only blockbuster or widely known films are listed. It may be noted that many films which do not arrive in theatres nonetheless become widely available as pirated DVD editions, thus making the term "banned" somewhat inaccurate.^[vague]

• 1960: Ben-Hur, for containing "propaganda of superstitious beliefs, namely Christianity." (Never given permission to screen)
• 1972: Chung Kuo, Cina, a documentary about contemporary China by Michelangelo Antonioni; accused for being anti-Chinese and counterrevolutionary.
• 1994: To Live, for its satirical portrayal of various policies and campaigns of the Communist government. (Never given permission to screen)
• 1997: Kundun - regarded as Tibetan nationalism (Banned outright along with director Martin Scorsese)
• 1997: Seven Years in Tibet, for its view on a free Tibet. (Banned outright along with actors Brad Pitt and David Thewlis for life)
• 2000: Devils on the Doorstep, for its controversial portrayal of the Japanese Occupation of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War despite being a Chinese-made film (Never given permission to screen)
• 2005: Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life, for its unflattering depictions of Chinese society (Never given permission to screen)
• 2006: Memoirs of a Geisha, over concerns it could rouse anti-Japanese sentiment. (Banned outright)
• 2006: Brokeback Mountain, for its depictions of homosexuality. (Never given permission to screen)
• 2006: Scorsese's The Departed, for suggesting that the government intends to use nuclear weapons on Taiwan, which is a very sensitive political issue. (Never given permission to screen)
• 2006: Over the Hedge was banned due to a difficulty with the DVD copy and some killing scenes to the animals. (Never given permission to screen)
• 2006: Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, for its depiction of incest. (Never given permission to screen)
• 2007: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End was banned because according to Xinhua, the state news agency of the People's Republic of China, 10 minutes of footage containing Chow Yun-Fat's portrayal of Singaporean pirate Sao Feng have been trimmed from versions of the film which may be shown in China. Chow is onscreen for 20 minutes in the uncensored theatrical release of the film. No official reason for the censorship was given, but unofficial sources within China have indicated that the character offered a negative and stereotypical portrayal of the Chinese people.^[4]

See also: Censorship in the People's Republic of China, Film

[edit] Denmark

• In 1937, Ryska snuvan was banned.

[edit] Egypt

• 1953: The Ten Commandments was banned due to its controversial religious nature
• Early 1960s: The government of Gamal Abdel Nasser banned all films starring Paul Newman, Elizabeth Taylor and several other American actors and actresses due to their strong, public support of Israel.
• 2003: Bruce Almighty was banned due to "sacrilegious content".
• 2003: The Matrix was banned due to what government censors claimed was anti-religious content, although critics have argued that the ban had more to do with the fact that the film's heroes inhabit a city called Zion.
• 2006: Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan was banned because of the delay from both DVD retailers and all movie theaters.
• 2008: Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters shared the banning with the show itself.

[edit] Finland

• 1940s: During World War II, Finland banned the films Mrs. Miniver and Johnny Eager in 1943.

Other films banned in Finland include:

• 1930: Bronenosets Potyomkin
• 1933-1939: King Kong
• 1947-1949: The Big Sleep
• 1948: Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein
• 1956-1959: Rififi, for an extended sequence detailing how to crack a safe. A 1959 re-cut was allowed.
• 1957: The Curse of Frankenstein and its sequels The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958), The Evil of Frankenstein (1964), and Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed (1969).
• 1960: Peeping Tom
• 1964-1987: The Manchurian Candidate
• 1972: Dirty Harry
• 1981: Cruising
• 1981: The Evil Dead
• 1984-2001: Cannibal Holocaust

[edit] France

• 1953: Les statues meurent aussi, a short film by Alain Resnais was banned. Its theme was that Western civilization is responsible for the decline of black art ^{[disambiguation needed]}. The film was seen at the Cannes Film Festival in 1953 but subsequently banned by the French censor.^[5]

NB : Paths of Glory was never banned but not distributed by United Artists, fearing reactions and boycotting from army supporters, or simply by commercial cowardice. The movie saw its first French release in 1975, meeting public acclaim.^{[citation needed]}

• 1960: Le Petit Soldat was banned on political grounds and the ban was lifted in 1963 with certain cuts.^[6]

[edit] Germany

Year	Name	Reason
1919	Different from the Others	Banned due to homosexual themes[3]
1936	The Bohemian Girl (1936 film) This Laurel & Hardy film was banned in Nazi Germany, because it depicted gypsies. (Source: LEEFLANG, Thomas, "Laurel & Hardy Compleet".)

[edit] Greece

• 1984: Cannibal Holocaust

[edit] Hungary

• 1948 - Ének a búzamezőkről (Song of the Wheat Fields): banned for political reasons.
• 1956 - Keserű igazság (Bitter Truth) and Az eltüsszentett birodalom: both banned for political reasons.
• 1957 - A nagyrozsdási eset: banned for political reasons.
• 1969 - A tanú (The Witness): banned for political reasons.
• 1974 - Bástyasétány '74: banned for political reasons.
• 1983 - Álombrigád (Dream Brigade): banned for political reasons.

[edit] Iceland

Year	Name	Reason
1984	The Last House on the Left	Banned due to high impact violence, rape, and cruelty.
1984	Friday the 13th	Banned due to high impact violence and gore.
1984	Cannibal Holocaust	Banned due to high impact violence and animal cruelty.
1985 - 1999	The Texas Chain Saw Massacre	Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty. A censored version was later released.
1986	To All a Good Night	Banned due to high impact scary violence.
1987	Re-Animator	Banned due to high impact scary violence.
1987	Amazonia	Banned due to high impact violence.
1990	Halloween 5	Banned due to high impact scary violence.
1996	Halloween 6	Banned due to high impact scary violence.
2006	Hostel	Banned due to high impact scary violence, cruelty, rape, and torture. A censored version was later released.
2007	Hostel: Part II	Banned due to high impact scary violence, cruelty, rape, and torture. A censored version was later released.

[edit] India

• 1959 - Neel Akasher Neechey was banned for two years for overt political overtones; it showed the troubles faced by an immigrant Chinese wage laborer in 1930s Calcutta
• 1963 - Nine Hours to Rama was banned for depicting the psychological motivations / reasons of Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi
• 1970 - Kissa Kursi Ka was banned for political reasons.
• 1971 - Sikkim (film) was banned for showing Chogyal ruled Sikkim as a sovereign state
• 1984 - Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was banned for its "racist portrayal of Indians and overt imperialistic tendencies".
• 1991 - Kutrapathirikkai was banned for 15 years for portraying the events that followed after Rajiv Gandhi's death. Was proclaimed to be a pro-LTTE film, justifying LTTE's activities. However, film was censored and released in 2007 after cuts on a large number of scenes.
• 1992 - City of Joy was banned in Calcutta for showing the city in a bad light.
• 1996 - Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (cut version available)
• 1996 - Fire On its opening day in India, some movie theaters were attacked by Hindu fundamentalists, and the movie was eventually banned for religious insensitivity. The film was banned in Pakistan for the lesbian relationship that the movie plays around.
• 2004 - Hava Aney Dey Banned in India for showing inter-communal tension

[edit] Iran

Note: any film depicting homosexuality, gay rights, anti-Islamic attitudes, or anything deemed contrary to Islamic morals is banned outright in Iran.

• 1956: The King & I
• 1968: Oliver!
• 1971: A Clockwork Orange
• 1973: The Exorcist
• 1977: Saturday Night Fever
• 1980: Cannibal Holocaust, Cruising
• 1982: The Dark Crystal (ceremonial imagery)
• 1983: Scarface
• 1989: Pet Sematary, Glory, and Back to the Future Part II (due to a scene where Ayatollah Khomeini is burning in hell; a cut version was later released)
• 1990: Henry & June
• 1993: Schindler's List
• 1994: The Naked Gun
• 1995: Showgirls
• 1997: Boogie Nights, Liar Liar (shows that adultery is legal)
• 1999: South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut; Three Kings and Anna and the King
• 2001: Zoolander (seen as supporting gay rights)
• 2002: Pinocchio and Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heavens Door
• 2003: Bruce Almighty and The Matrix Revolutions
• 2004: Fahrenheit 9/11, Catwoman, and The Passion of the Christ, Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle
• 2005: The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Sin City and Brokeback Mountain
• 2006: The Da Vinci Code, Alexander, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, and Hostel
• 2007: The Kingdom, 300 and Hostel Part II
• 2008: Meet the Spartans, Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay, You Don't Mess with the Zohan
• 2009: The Last House on the Left

[edit] Iraq

• 1999: South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut was banned for its depiction of Saddam Hussein as the homosexual lover of Satan. South Park is also unavailable on television.
• 1999: Three Kings
• 2002: Pinocchio and Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heavens Door
• 2005: The 40-Year-Old Virgin
• 2006: The Da Vinci Code The title is completely unavailable.
• 2007: Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters The title is completely unavailable.
• 2007: Hostel: Part II The title is completely unavailable.

[edit] Ireland

^{[citation needed]}

• 1931: Monkey Business was banned because censors feared it would encourage anarchic tendencies.un-banned 2000
• 1967: Ulysses, based on the book by James Joyce - unbanned September 2000.
• 1968: Rocky Road to Dublin (documentary which in part questioned Irish censorship) - unbanned in 2003.
• 1971: A Clockwork Orange - unbanned in 2000.
• 1979: Monty Python's Life of Brian - unbanned in 1987.
• 1983: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life - unbanned in 1990.
• 1984: Cannibal Holocaust - unbanned in 2006.
• 1989: Meet the Feebles - still banned as of 2009.
• 1991: Riki-Oh - unbanned in 2000.
• 1994: Natural Born Killers - unbanned.
• 1996: From Dusk till Dawn - unbanned in 2000.
• 1999: Romance - still banned.
• 2000: Baise Moi - unbanned.

Due to the small size of the Republic of Ireland, films banned by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) were rarely even submitted for release in Ireland, due to the high costs of promotion and distribution for such a small audience. Similarly, BBFC cuts are often left in DVD releases due to the difficulties in separating the two supplies.

This changed in 2000 and meant that many of these films have since been un-banned and rated anywhere from PG to 18. During that review process it was decided that no more films would be banned for either theatre or video release, but some bans are still in place. Banned movies can still be viewed at private members clubs with 18+ age limits.

[edit] Italy

Although there is a censorship board run by the government and in which one member is drawn from the Roman Catholic Church, very few movies are not certified for release. Notably, Lion of the Desert, starring Anthony Quinn and concerning the Libyan revolution against Italy, and a few other films concerning Italian war crimes during its brief colonial history were banned for a time during the post-Benito Mussolini period. Almost all Pasolini's movies, including Salo: 120 Days of Sodom (1975), were banned for a while but then released. Luc Besson's film The Big Blue was banned for 14 years because Enzo Maiorca felt that it inaccurately portrayed him and his rivalry with Jacques Mayol. Last Tango in Paris was banned for some time as well. Another Italian film, Cannibal Holocaust, was banned in Italy from 1980-1984. It was banned on the belief that the actors were actually killed for the movie (i.e. that it was an actual snuff film). When this was proven false, it was banned by an animal cruelty law (the film features the actual slayings of many animals), until the verdict was overturned in 1984. Also banned under Mussolini was the film adaptations of Ayn Rand's novel We the Living, titled Noi vivi and Addio, Kira.

[edit] Japan

Despite Japan's strict censorship policy on nudity (see Pornography in Japan), very few films are banned there.

Those that are banned are usually put under self imposed studio bans by the companies that produced them.

• 1945: The Akira Kurosawa directed movie The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail was temporarily banned by the SCAP because it portrayed feudalism in a positive light.
• 1955: The Toho production Half Human, directed by Ishirō Honda was put under a self imposed ban by Toho after it was feared that the film would be seen as degrading portrayal of Japan's Ainu minority.

The film was never released on laserdisc or DVD, even though there were several home video releases and to this day the only way to see it is through its heavily edited US version.

• 1958: Varan the Unbelievable was put under a self imposed studio ban by Toho for some of the same reasons that Half Human was but was finally released in the 1980s on VHS and laserdisc (with a few lines of reportedly racist dialogue removed from the film).
• 1969: Teruo Ishii's exploitation flick Horrors of Malformed Men‎ was put under a studio ban by Toei due to the film's numerous offensive elements.

These days, with the film currently unavailable in any format in Japan or the West, the only way to see it is through the occasional screening.

• 1974: Toho placed yet another one of their films under a self imposed ban, this time Prophecies of Nostradamus, an apocalyptic disaster film after a group of hibakusha, or nuclear radiation survivors, saw the film and were highly offended by sequences showing a research party being attacked by radioactive cannibals and a pair of horribly deformed post-apocalyptic mutants fighting over a worm. After airing the film uncut on television in 1980, Toho withdrew the film from circulation entirely. Toho attempted releasing this film onto VHS in the late 1980s but was stopped due to protests. The only way to see the film is through the film's US version The Last Days of Planet Earth or through a grey market copy of the uncut version containing the time code at the top of the screen.

There was also a banning on extreme cruelty to animals. And the ones were about this film:

• 1984: Cannibal Holocaust made the ban and was unable to make bootleg copies.

[edit] Kuwait

• 1984: Cannibal Holocaust
• 1999: South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut
• 1999: Three Kings
• 2004: Fahrenheit 9/11
• 2005: The 40-Year-Old Virgin
• 2007: The Kingdom

[edit] Lebanon

• 2008: You Don't Mess with the Zohan

[edit] Malaysia

• 1936: The Bohemian Girl was banned due to the gypsy-theme. It was passed durring the '90s by a VCD release from Warner Malaysia Video.
• 1946: The Big Sleep was banned in Malaysia, but passed in 1999 by a VCD release and a delayed DVD release from Warner Malaysia Video.
• 1956: The King and I was banned when the Malaysians were offended by this film. It was passed in 2005 by a VCD release and a DVD release from Fox Malaysia.
• 1964: 491 was banned due to a homosexual rape scene. A censored version was later released.
• 1971: A Clockwork Orange was banned due to its explicit sexual and violent content. A censored version was later released on DVD after several years.
• The Last House on the Left (1971) - passed for a VCD release by Movie Master in the late-1990's
• The Exorcist (1973) - was never banned in Malaysia and passed for VCD release by Movie Master
• Jaws (1975) - passed for a VCD release and a long-time delayed DVD release by Movie Master
• Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
• Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
• Scarface (1983)
• Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
• Cannibal Holocaust (1984)
• Pet Sematary (1989)
• Schindler's List (1993) - passed in 2004 for DVD release by Berjaya HVN
• The Shawshank Redemption (1994) - passed in by a VHS and a DVD release 2001 by Berjaya HVN
• Babe (1995) - passed for VHS release by Berjaya HVN in 1996
• Demon Knight (1995)
• Showgirls (1995)
• Beavis & Butthead Do America (1996)
• Last Man Standing (1996)
• Orgazmo (1997)
• Boogie Nights (1997)
• Babe: Pig in the City (1998) - passed for VCD release by Berjaya HVN
• Blade (1998) - passed for a VCD release and a delayed DVD release by Movie Master
• The Prince of Egypt (1998) - passed for VCD and DVD release by Berjaya HVN
• Saving Private Ryan (1998) - passed for VCD and DVD release by Berjaya HVN
• Barney's Great Adventure (1998)
• Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999) - passed for a VCD release and a delayed DVD release by Sunny Film Productions
• South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999)
• Dogma (1999)
• Final Destination (2000)
• But I'm a Cheerleader (2000)
• Fiza (2001)
• Ichi the Killer (2001)
• Zoolander (2001)
• Auto Focus (2002) - passed for VCD release from MediaMax.com Sdn Bhd.
• Queen of the Damned (2002)
• 40 Days and 40 Nights (2002)
• Pinocchio (2002)
• Bruce Almighty (2003) - passed for VCD and DVD release by Berjaya HVN
• Daredevil (2003) - passed for VCD and DVD release
• Homerun (2003)
• Final Destination 2 (2003)
• Freddy vs. Jason (2003)
• Underworld (2003)
• Kill Bill: Vol. 1 (2003) - passed for DVD release by Berjaya HVN
• Thirteen(2003)
• The Girl Next Door (2004)
• Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004) - passed for DVD release by Berjaya HVN
• The Passion of the Christ (2004) - prohibited from non-Christian viewers
• Sideways (2004)
• Team America: World Police (2004)
• Saw (2004)
• Alfie (2004)- passed for DVD release by Berjaya HVN
• Sin City (2005)
• Hustle & Flow (2005)
• The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005)
• Saw II (2005)
• Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story (2005)
• Inside Deep Throat (2005)
• Hard Candy (2005)
• Hostel (2005)
• Rent (2005)- was released straight to DVD/VCD by Mediamax
• Brokeback Mountain (2005)
• Glory Road (2006)- was never banned in Malaysia and released by Berjaya HVN
• See No Evil (2006)
• United 93 (2006)
• Final Destination 3 (2006)
• How to Eat Fried Worms (2006)
• Saw III (2006)
• Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (2006)
• Alpha Dog (2007)
• Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters (2007)
• Hostel: Part II (2007)
• Dead Silence (2007)
• Superbad (2007)
• Death Sentence (2007)
• Halloween (2007)
• Saw IV (2007)
• Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008)
• Wanted (2008) - passed by a release by Berjaya HVN and United International Pictures Malaysia
• Step Brothers (2008)
• Pineapple Express (2008)
• Zack and Miri Make a Porno (2008)
• Saw V (2008)
• Role Models (2008)
• RocknRolla (2008)
• Repo! The Genetic Opera (2008)
• Gran Torino (2008)
• Duplicity (2009) - passed by a release by United International Pictures Malaysia
• The Haunting in Connecticut (2009)
• Bruno (2009)
• The Hangover (2009)
• Funny People (2009)
• The Collector (2009)
• Dead Snow (2009)
• Halloween 2 (2009)
• Saw VI (2009)
• Whiteout (2009)

[edit] Morocco

• 1984: Cannibal Holocaust
• 1995: Showgirls
• 1999: South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut & Anna and the King
• 2004: The Passion of the Christ, Fahrenheit 9/11 & Team America: World Police
• 2005: The 40-Year-Old Virgin & Brokeback Mountain
• 2006: The Da Vinci Code & Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan

[edit] The Netherlands

• 1932: Scram On its initial cinematic release in the Netherlands this Laurel & Hardy film was banned by Christian moral watchdogs who claimed the scene where the duo sat on a bed with a woman whom they weren't married to was "indecent". Today the film isn't banned anymore in the country.^[7]

[edit] New Zealand

• 1979 - Monty Python's Life of Brian^{[citation needed]} (since unbanned)
• 1980 - Friday the 13th (since unbanned)
• 1981 - Mad Max^[8] (VHS release was later approved^[9])
• 1983 - Monty Python's The Meaning of Life^{[citation needed]} (since unbanned)
• 1984 - Silent Night, Deadly Night
• 2004 - Puni Puni Poemy^[10]
• 2005 - Bumfights: Cause for Concern^[11], Bumfights 2: Bumlife^[12]
• 2006 - Cannibal Holocaust^[13]
• 2007 - Hostel: Part II^[14] (excisions recommended but not made)

[edit] Norway

Year	Name	Reason
1964 - 1971	491	Banned due to homosexual themes. A censored version was later released.
1977 - 2003	Suspiria	Reason unknown. Ban lifted
1980 - 2008	Friday the 13th	Banned due for high impact violence and extreme cruelty/torture. A censored version is later released.
1980 - 2006	Monty Python's Life of Brian	Banned due to offensive jokes to religious people. A censored version is later released.
1984 - 2005	Cannibal Holocaust	Banned due to high impact violence and animal cruelty. A censored version was later released.
1990-2003	Robocop 2	Banned due to high impact violence.
1998	Kite	Banned due to high impact violence, cruelty and child pornography. A censored version was later released.
2009	Ichi the Killer	Banned due to high impact violence and cruelty.

[edit] Oman

• 1979: Monty Python's Life of Brian
• 2004: Saw
• 2006: Basic Instinct 2

[edit] Pakistan

• 1999: South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut, banned, like the American TV show South Park, because of the parody of Saddam Hussein. The censors and the audience walked out of the theater as it says, "The first non-pornographic movie to be banned in Pakistan."

[edit] Poland

• 1982-1989: Interrogation (1982) (Przesluchanie), a prison film depicting the corrupt interrogation tactics of the Stalinist regime in post-WWII Poland. The film has garnered attention for being one of the most controversial yet important Polish films ever made.
• 1982-1987: Blind Chance, like many of Kieslowski's films, it was banned for politically sensitive themes
• 1997: Witajcie w życiu (Welcome to the Life), a documentary film by Henryk Dederko about Amway in Poland was banned after the Polish office of the Amway Corporation managed to get a court ban on the movie because they claimed it was libelous.

[edit] Portugal

• 1970: Catch-22 was banned until 1974 for the scene showing Capt. Yossarian naked in a tree.

[edit] Romania

• 1999: But I'm a Cheerleader is banned in Romania because of homosexual themes.

[edit] Russia

• 2006: Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan banned as "offensive".^[15] (possibly because of Russia's close relationship with Khazakhstan).
• 2008: Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story - was banned following Family Guy's ban in 2007.

[edit] Samoa

• 2006: The Da Vinci Code (see Censorship in Samoa for details)
• 2009: Milk (see Censorship in Samoa for details)

[edit] Singapore

• 1971: A Clockwork Orange was banned for over 30 years before an attempt for release was made in 2006. However the ban was not lifted when the submission for a M18 rating was rejected.
• 1974: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was prohibited from releasing in the island since the 1970s.
• 1979: Monty Python's Life of Brian contains inappropriate' religious content which led the film to be banned.
• 1980: Cannibal Holocaust was banned outright for its extreme violence.
• 1981: The Evil Dead has been banned since its release in 1981. The authority disallowed it for "excessive graphic violence and gore".
• 1986: Along with its prequel, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 was categorised as banned by the authority. No submittance for re-rating was ever made.
• 1988: The Last Temptation of Christ was never allowed to be screened or released in video formats to the public for its controversial religious content.
• 1995: Lie Down with Dogs was banned for strong sexuality.
• 1998: A Night on the Water was banned for strong sexuality.^[16]
• 1999: The movie South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut shared the same fate with its banned television series.
• 2003: 15 was initially banned, and the Singapore board of censors later ruled that the film should be rated R(A) and made 27 cuts to the film.
• 2004: A Dirty Shame was banned for its crude humour and sexuality.
• 2004: Formula 17 was banned because it "portrayed homosexuality as normal, and a natural progression of society."^[17]
• 2005: Hostel was banned for extreme impact violence of high impact gore with cruelty and racism to Singapore.
• 2005: Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story shared the same fate as the banned television series did.
• 2006: Shortbus was banned for its explicit sexual content.
• 2006: The movie Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan was banned for the extreme nudity during the fight in the hotel scene. It was cut off during its screening.

[edit] Solomon Islands

• 2006: The Da Vinci Code. Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare stated that the film "undermines the very roots of Christianity in Solomon Islands." [4]

[edit] South Africa

• 1971: A Clockwork Orange
• 1978: Up in Smoke was banned because the South African censor board feared it might inspire youth to take up marijuana smoking.
• 1979: Monty Python's Life of Brian was banned because of offensive jokes about religion.
• 1980: Cruising was banned because of homosexual themes.
• 1984: Cannibal Holocaust was seized by customs (specific year is unknown at this time). It was given an XX rating, which prevented it from being sold in the country. It is now rated 18 for a cut version (the uncut version is still banned).
• 1990: Henry & June
• 1991: Whore
• 1995: Showgirls
• 2007: Hostel: Part II

[edit] Soviet Union

• 1967: Komissar It was re-released in the late 1980s, winning nine awards, including the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival.

[edit] South Korea

• 1925-1992: The Battleship Potemkin
• 1973: Three Days of the Condor
• During the President Park Chung-hee's regime, the import of Apocalypse Now was on hold because its theme is about antiwar.^[18]
• 1975-1981: South Korean director Kim Ki-young's Ban Geum-ryeon banned for 6 years, released with 40 minutes cut.^[19]

Bans made prior to 1980 have all been lifted.

[edit] Spain

• 1939-1976: The Battleship Potemkin was banned.
• 1940-1976: The Great Dictator was banned for its portrayal of Fascism.
• 1957-1986: Paths of Glory was banned by General Francisco Franco's dictatorship, for its anti-military message. It was released in 1986, 11 years after Franco's death.
• 1972: Last Tango in Paris was banned.

[edit] Sri Lanka

• 1984-2007: Cannibal Holocaust
• 1999: South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut The television show South Park is banned outright.
• 2006: The Da Vinci Code. Banned by presidential order of Mahinda Rajapakse Decision was made after his wife (Converted Catholic) influenced him to do so. [5]
• 2006: Aksharaya (Letter of Fire) was banned for dealing with issues of incest, murder, and rape.^[20] (Banned outright)

[edit] Sweden

Year	Name	Reason
1922 - 1972	Nosferatu	Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty. A censored version was later released.
1968	Django	Banned due to high impact violence and cruelty.
1981	Mad Max	Banned due to high impact violence and cruelty.
1984	Tenebre	Banned due to high impact scary violence.
1984 - 1999	Cannibal Holocaust	Banned due to high impact violence and animal cruelty. A censored version has since been classified "15". However, bootleg copies for the uncut version are available and since the beginning of the 2000´s it has been legal uncut in Sweden.
1997	Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation	Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty[6].

[edit] Switzerland

• 1994: Blutgeil

[edit] Thailand

• 1946: Anna and the King of Siam for its Orientalist depiction of Thai culture.
• 1956: The King and I
• 1999: Anna and the King
• 2006: Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan
• 2009: Zack and Miri Make a Porno was banned by Thai Ministry of Culture due to sexual contents (showing how to make their own pornographic films, "teens might try to mimic").^[21]

[edit] Trinidad and Tobago

• 1956: The King & I
• 1980: The Gods Must Be Crazy
• 1983: Scarface
• 1999: Anna and the King
• 2006: Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan
• 2008: Zack & Miri Make a Porno

[edit] Tunisia

• 2007: 300 was banned.

[edit] Turkey

• 1922-2006: Nosferatu from the 1920s was banned due to its portrayal of extreme blood and gore. Banned Outright
• 1972-2000: Pink Flamingos was banned for extreme nudity not used for Turkey. Screened Without Permission
• 1984: Cannibal Holocaust was officially banned due to the killing of the animals. Banned Outright

[edit] Ukraine

• 2004: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre
• 2005: Saw
• 2006: The Da Vinci Code
• 2009: Bruno

[edit] United Arab Emirates

• 2006-2009: Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan
• 2008: You Don't Mess with the Zohan

[edit] United Kingdom

• 1932: Freaks was rejected by British censors and banned. It was again rejected for a cinema rating certificate in 1952. Available from 1963.
• 1954: The Wild One was banned from distribution in the United Kingdom until 1967. Now available
• 1960: Mario Bava's Black Sunday was banned due to its violent content until 1968.
• 1963: Freaks was finally passed with an X rating.
• 1968: Roger Corman's film The Trip was banned due to glorification of LSD. It is later unbanned, but was not released in Britain until the mid-1990s.
• 1972: The Last House on the Left was banned by the BBFC until 2002 and not passed uncut until 2008.
• 1973: A Clockwork Orange was banned, two years after its release, by its own director Stanley Kubrick. This was not because of the copy cat violence allegedly inspired by the film, as is commonly believed. Kubrick received death threats to his family and consequently arranged to withdraw the film from UK cinemas. It was not allowed to be shown again in the United Kingdom until after his death. Throughout the decades the film acquired a mythical status in the country until Kubrick died in 1999 and the ban was finally lifted.
• 1974: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was banned; it was passed uncut in 1999.
• 1975: Umberto Lenzi's Il paese del sesso selvaggio was banned. Passed in 2003.
• 1981: Ruggero Deodato's La casa sperduta nel parco (The House on the Edge of the Park) was banned until 2002.
• 1984: The infamous video nasty list is created to protect against obscenity. Films on this list were banned and distributors of said films were viable to be prosecuted (some of the films were banned before this list was made). This list banned 74 films at one point in the mid-1980s, but the list was eventually trimmed down when only 39 films were successfully prosecuted. Most of the films (even of the 39 successfully prosecuted) have now been approved by the BBFC either cut or uncut (see Video Recordings Act 1984). There is currently no legislation in force owing to a legislative mistake in 1984. It is anticipated that the system described will continue on a voluntary basis, and the legal structure will be enacted in November 2009^[22].
• 1989 Visions of Ecstasy is banned under blasphemy laws, and is the only film ever to be banned in the UK due to blasphemy. As the UK's blasphemy laws were repealed in 2008, the film is likely to be passed in the near future.
• 2009: The Japanese film Grotesque is banned due to a high level of sexual torture.

[edit] United States

The United States has no federal agency charged with either permitting or restricting the exhibition of motion pictures. Most instances of films being banned are via ordinances or proclamations by city or state governments. Some are instances of films being judicially found to be of an obscene nature and subject to specific laws against such material (i.e. child pornography). Such findings are usually only legally binding in the jurisdiction of the court making such a ruling.

The established film industry in the United States began a form of self-censorship in the late 1920's called the Motion Picture Production Code to forestall any possible formation of a federal censoring agency. In 1968, the Production Code was superceded by the MPAA film rating system.

• 1908: The James Boys in Missouri and Night Riders are banned in Chicago.
• 1915: The Birth of a Nation banned in several American cities, including Chicago, Las Vegas, Denver, Pittsburgh and St. Louis, and the states of Ohio, Kansas, and West Virginia [7]. Unbanned in 1916 outside of Kansas. [8]
• 1917: The film Birth Control, produced by and starring Margaret Sanger banned, with the New York Court of Appeals holding that a film on family planning work may be censored "in the interest of morality, decency, and public safety and welfare".^[23] Message Photo-Play v. George H. Bell, 179 A.D. 13 (1917).
• 1919 - 1920: Within Our Gates banned in Chicago, New Orleans, and Omaha, for its depiction of interracial rape, lynching, and racial discrimination.
• 1926: The Red Kimono, based on a real-life Chicago murder case and political scandal, banned in Chicago. The film was also the target of an unsuccessful lawsuit for defamation in California seeking an injunction to prohibit its public viewing, which California courts refused to grant.
• 1928: The Racket banned in Chicago.
• 1931: Frankenstein banned in Kansas for its portrayal of cruelty.
• 1932: Freaks banned in Cleveland.
• 1936 - 1966: The 1931 version of "The Maltese Falcon" (not to be confused with the better known "cleaned-up" 1941 version) could not be shown in its unedited "lewd" version.
• 1945: Scarlet Street banned in New York City, according to Jan Morris' book Manhattan '45.
• 1949: Pinky was banned by the city of Marshall, Texas because it portrayed an interracial couple, a violation of the city's censorship code.
• 1953: The Moon Is Blue banned in Jersey City, New Jersey as "indecent and obscene."^[24]
• 1961: Victim banned in many American cities due to language. [9]
• 1966 - 1968: Viva Maria! banned in Dallas for sexual and anti-Catholic content, prior to the United States Supreme Court striking down the ban and limiting the ability of municipalities to ban films for adults in Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. City of Dallas.
• 1968 - 1991: Titicut Follies is barred from distribution to the general public by court order because the movie was considered a violation of the privacy of the prison inmates it filmed.^[23]
• 1969: I Am Curious (Yellow) is banned as pornography. After three court cases, it was unbanned when the anti-obscenity laws concerning films was overturned.^[23]
• 1979: Monty Python's Life of Brian was banned in several towns for showing controversial themes about Christianity.^[23]
• 1982: White Dog was given only a limited preview run by Paramount Pictures before they shelved it, feeling it was too controversial for a domestic release and out of threats of boycotts by the NAACP.^{[25][26][clarification needed How is this a ban?]}
• 1984: Silent Night, Deadly Night was removed from theaters after protests by the Parent-Teacher Association.^{[clarification needed Was the film actually banned from theatres? If so, which organization instituted the ban?]}
• 1987: Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story is banned from sale, distribution, and public exhibition by court order after a civil trial on copyright infringement. Director Todd Haynes had failed to obtain the proper licenses to use several Carpenters songs in the film.^[23]
• 1988: The Last Temptation of Christ banned in Savannah when city leaders sent a petition to Universal Studios requesting a ban. However, opened in Savannah on September 23, 1988, 6 weeks after national and worldwide debut.
• 1997: The Tin Drum was briefly banned in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, when a district court judge deemed the film child pornography. The shot in question depicted a minor performing oral sex. The verdict was overturned on appeal.
• 2002 - present: The Profit, a film that borrows elements of the life of L. Ron Hubbard, was prevented from release when the Church of Scientology claimed the film could taint the jury pool in the wrongful death trial of former member Lisa McPherson. A legal dispute with investor Robert S. Minton has kept it from being released even after the suit was settled. The Disinformation Book Of Lists and The Times have characterized The Profit as a "banned film" in the United States.^[23][27]

Theoretically, free speech in the U.S. can also be limited if it might cause a clear and present danger of an imminent lawless action, or constitutes a copyright violation.

[edit] Vatican City

• 1979: Monty Python's Life of Brian
• 1994: Priest
• 2002: The Magdalene Sisters^[28]
• 2006: The Da Vinci Code

[edit] Vietnam

• 1986: Platoon
• 1995: Xich lo^[29]
• We Were Soldiers (as of 2002)^[30]
• Green Dragon (as of 2002)^[30]

[edit] Yemen

• 2006: The Omen
• 2006: Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan

[edit] Zimbabwe

• 2005: The Interpreter

[edit] See also

• Motion picture rating system
• List of books banned by governments
• List of films never released on DVD

[edit] Notes

[edit] Further reading

• Forbidden Films: Censorship Histories of 125 Motion Pictures by Dawn Sova ISBN 0-8160-4336-1
• Behind The Mask of Innocence: Sex, Violence, Crime: Films of Social Conscience in the Silent Era by Kevin Brownlow, 2nd ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992). Contains considerable information about film censorship in pre-1930 America, and discusses banned silent films in great detail.

[edit] External links

• Australian Classification system: Why many banned films do not show up in figures on banned films
• Comparable studies on International censorship strategies
• Wolf Creek banned in Northern Territory
• A complete list of Finland's banned films until 1997
• complete list of Movies Banned in Germany
• List of banned films, retrieved April 26, 2007