- This article is part of the List of Scots series
List of Scottish scientists is a list of Scottish scientists. -
- Thomas Addison (1881–1949), physician, pioneer in nephrology
- William Aiton (1731–1793), botanist
- Alexander Anderson (mathematician) (c. 1582 – c. 1620) mathematician
- John Logie Baird (1888-1946), engineer, inventor of the television
- Ken Bairden (1943–2007), Parasitologist, epidemiologist, veterinarian
- John Hutton Balfour (1808–1884), botanist
- Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922), engineer and scientist, inventor of the telephone
- Eric Temple Bell (1883–1960), mathematician
- Joseph Black (1728–1799), discoverer of carbon dioxide
- David Brewster (1781–1868), founder of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts
- Thomas Brisbane (1773–1860), astronomer
- Robert Brown (1773–1858), discoverer of Brownian Motion and botanist
- David Bruce (1855–1931), pathologist and microbiologist
- Phillip Clancey (1917–2001), pioneering ornithologist
- John Craig (1663–1731), mathematician and friend of Newton
- Alexander Crum Brown (1838–1922), Organic chemist
- William Cullen (1710–1790), physician and chemist
- James Dewar (1842–1923), low temperature physicist, invented the vacuum flask
- James Alfred Ewing (1855–1935), physicist and engineer
- Hugh Falconer (1808–1865), paleontologist
- James Ferguson (1710–1776), Scottish astronomer and instrument maker
- Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), microbiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945
- Williamina Fleming (1857–1911), astronomer, contributed to the cataloguing of stars
- James David Forbes (1809–1868), physicist and geologist
- Professor George Forbes (1849–1936), electrical engineering, hydro-electric power generation
- Robert Fortune (1813–1880), botanist
- Patrick Geddes (1854–1932), biologist and urban theorist
- Sir David Gill (1843–1914), pioneer in astrophotography
- Thomas Graham (1805–1869), chemist, discovered dialysis
- James Gregory (1638–1675), first described the Gregorian reflecting telescope eventually built by Robert Hooke
- James Hall (geologist) (1761–1832), geologist
- Thomas Henderson (1798–1844), astronomer, first person to measure the distance to Alpha Centauri
- James Hutton (1726–1797), put geology on a scientific basis
- Robert T. A. Innes (1861–1933), astronomer, discovered Proxima Centauri
- James Ivory (mathematician) (1765–1842), mathematician
- William Jardine (naturalist) (1800–1874), naturalist
- Norman Boyd Kinnear (1882–1957), zoologist
- Johann von Lamont (1805–1879), astronomer, calculated the orbits of the moons of Uranus and Saturn
- John Leslie (physicist) (1766–1832), mathematician and physicist best remembered for his research into heat
- Joseph Lister,1st Baron Lister, OM, FRS (1827 – 1912) introduced antiseptic surgery and eponymous Listerine
- John Macadam (1827–1865), Scottish-born Australian botanist
- William MacGillivray (1796–1852), naturalist
- Sheila Scott Macintyre (1910–1960), mathematician
- Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746), mathematician, developed maclaurin series
- William Maclure (1760–1843), geologist
- Francis Masson (1741 – c. 1805), botanist
- James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), thermodynamics and electromagnetic theorist
- Archibald Menzies (1754–1852) explorer and botanist
- Philip Miller (1691–1771), botanist
- Roderick Murchison (1792–1871), geologist who first described and investigated the Silurian era.
- Alexander Murray (geologist) (1810–1884), geologist
- John Napier (1550–1617), mathematician (see logarithms)
- William Robert Ogilvie-Grant (1863–1924), ornithologist
- Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916), Nobel prize in Chemistry, 1904
- John Richardson (naturalist) (1787–1865), naturalist
- William Roxburgh (1759–1815), botanist
- Daniel Rutherford (1749-1819), chemist, discoverer of element nitrogen
- Andrew Smith (zoologist) (1797–1872), zoologist
- Charles Piazzi Smyth (1819–1900), Astronomer Royal of Scotland
- Robert Angus Smith (1817–1884), environmental chemist, discovered acid rain
- Mary Somerville, mathematician and astronomer
- Matthew Stewart (1717–1785), mathematician
- James Stirling (mathematician) (1692–1770), mathematician
- John Struthers (anatomist) (1823-1899), anatomist
- William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824–1907), mathematician, physicist, engineer
- James Watt (1736–1819), mathematician and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine contributed to a key stage in the Industrial Revolution.
- Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973), invented radar
- Joseph Wedderburn (1882–1948), mathematician
- Alexander Wilson (1766–1813), arguably the greatest American ornithologist before Audubon
- Charles Wilson (1869–1959), physicist, invented the cloud chamber
- James 'Paraffin' Young (1811–1883), chemist
- William Fairbairn
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