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For the various rulers of the kingdoms within England prior to its formal unification, during the Heptarchy, see Bretwalda. For British monarchs since the Union of England and Scotland, see List of British monarchs. For monarchs that have reigned over the various kingdoms and other states that have existed in the British Isles throughout recorded history, see List of monarchs in the British Isles.  The first person to assume the title Rex Anglorum (King of the English) was Offa of Mercia, though his power did not survive him. In the 9th century the kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825, became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England. The continuous list of English monarchs traditionally begins with Egbert of Wessex in 829. Alfred the Great and his son Edward the Elder used the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons." After Athelstan conquered Northumbia in 927, he adopted the title Rex Anglorum. Starting with Henry II (1154), the title became Rex Angliae (King of England). The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 and, in 1301, Edward I invested his eldest son, Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, with the exception of Edward III, the eldest sons of all English monarchs have borne this title. After the death of Elizabeth I of England in 1603, the crowns of England and Scotland were united under James I and VI. By royal proclamation James titled himself 'king of Great Britain'. Since the accession of James, as heir to both kingdoms with a dual inheritance via his parents, the title King or Queen of England is incorrect, though it has remained in popular usage to the present day. England underwent legislative union with Scotland in 1707 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Since 1707, there has been no separate legislature for England, although recent devolution has provided for Scotland. In 1801 the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been under English rule since Henry II, became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following the Act of Union, which lasted until the secession of Ireland in 1922 and the subsequent renaming of the state to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
[edit] House of MerciaAccording to some sources the first ruler to assume the title King of the English is said to have been Offa in 774, who had been King of Mercia since 757, but this claim is based on charters apparently forged in the 10th century.[1] However, on some of his coins Offa describes himself as Of Rx A, believed to stand for Offa Rex Anglorum.[2] This probably had a different meaning at the time than it acquired later, i.e. king of the Angles, and not necessarily the Saxons.[2]
[edit] House of WessexMain article: House of Wessex The continuous list traditionally starts with Egbert, King of Wessex from 802, the first King of Wessex to have overlordship over much of England.[3] He defeated the Mercians in 825 and became Bretwalda in 829, although he later lost control of Mercia. Alfred the Great and his son Edward the Elder used the title "king of the Anglo-Saxons." After Athelstan conquered Northumbria in 927, he adopted the title rex Anglorum (King of the English). There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king for four weeks in 924, between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Athelstan, although he was not crowned.[4][5] However this is not accepted by all historians.
[edit] House of DenmarkMain article: House of Denmark England came under the rule of Danish kings during and following the reign of Æthelred the Unready.
[edit] House of Wessex (restored)After Harthacanute, there was a brief Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, a decisive point in British history, William of Normandy became king of England.
[edit] House of NormandyMain article: Normans In 1066 the Duke of Normandy, William II, a vassal to the King of France and cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor, invaded England and conquered the Anglo-Saxons in the Norman Conquest of England. Following the death of King Harold II in the decisive Battle of Hastings on 14 October, the Anglo-Saxon witan elected Edgar the Ætheling king in Harold's place, but Edgar was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King of England on Christmas Day 1066, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I. It was only from the reign of William and his descendents that monarchs took regnal numbers in the French fashion, though the earlier custom of distinguishing monarchs by nicknames did not die out by consequence.
Disputed claimant
Empress Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, and acknowledged as such by the barons. However, upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. The Anarchy followed, with Matilda being a de facto ruler for a few months in 1141, but she was never crowned and is rarely listed as monarch of England. It is notable that Stephen, although properly French and from a different dynasty with ties to Champagne, did not form his own royal house of England distinct from the Normans, for he himself was not head of his family's house, nor held those lands in conjunction to England. Stephen and Geoffrey's mutual entrance to English politics at this time is remarkable in that they had no direct ties to England of an ethnic sort, only dynastically through the Normans, who acted as their literal and figurative bridge between England and France, a cultural inheritance the Channel Islands retain today. [edit] House of PlantagenetMain article: House of Plantagenet Stephen came to an agreement in November 1153, with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford where Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda, as his heir to the throne in lieu of his own son. Rather than ruling among the Normans, the Plantagenets ruled from Aquitaine and accumulated more territories in France, but likewise did not regard England as their primary home until after most of their French possessions were lost by King John. This long-lived dynasty is usually divided into three houses: the Angevins, the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The transition from a French focus to expansion throughout the British Isles, is noted in the use of Lancastrian and Yorkist to denote the difference and the forward outlook on their frontier with the King of Scots, who claimed Northumbria (see Auld Alliance), as well as names for the rival Plantagenet factions. The Plantagenets destroyed themselves and the Welsh Tudors took advantage of this, but affirmed the Lancastro-Portuguese link (essential to maintaining Aquitaine) with Castile in two Spanish marriages, before resentful, anti-Tudor "treason" by the previously feuding Northumberland-Westmorland faction handed England into the hands of the Francophile Stuarts of Lennox in Scotland, who were originally based at Aubigny-sur-Nère, France. The Scottish dynasty would rely on French support to maintain authoritarian rule over their newfound English subjects whom they were often at war with, before and after taking their Crown, before the Hundred Years' War Yorkist-Burgundian alliance would be revived under William III of Orange, in what was called the Second Hundred Years' War. The Plantagenets formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. [edit] AngevinsMain article: Angevin In addition to the kings listed below, Prince Louis of France briefly ruled about half of England from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. However in signing the Treaty of Lambeth he conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England.
[edit] House of LancasterMain article: House of Lancaster This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt.
[edit] House of YorkMain article: House of York The House of York was descended from Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the fourth surviving son of Edward III.
[edit] House of Lancaster (restored)
[edit] House of York (restored)
[edit] House of TudorMain article: Tudor dynasty The Tudors descended matrilineally from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of 14th Century English Prince John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (third surviving son of Edward III of England), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. The descendants of an illegitimate child of English Royalty would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year (also enshrined in an Act of Parliament in 1397). A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognized the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible to ever inherit the throne. Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster. John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort, a considerable heiress, was married to Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tewdr (anglicised to "Owen Tudor") and Katherine of Valois, widowed Queen Consort of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed. With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England and of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
Disputed claimant
Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir presumptive. Four days after his death, Jane was proclaimed queen. Nine days after the proclamation, Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary had managed to find sufficient support to ride into London in a triumphal procession on 19 July. Jane was executed in 1554, aged 16. Few historians consider her to have been a legitimate monarch.
 Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip II of Spain and Queen Mary, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace’s realms and dominions"[70] (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.[71] As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.[71][72][73] Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England (right) was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.[74][75] Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in England[76] and Ireland.[77] In 1555, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognizing Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.
[edit] House of StuartMain article: House of Stuart Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, the Scottish king, James VI, succeeded to the English throne as James I in what became known as the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII. In 1604 he adopted the title King of Great Britain, much like the agglomeration of Habsburg "Spain" through the previous union of Castile and Aragon. James similarly lavished titles onto Scots or Englishmen to promote cross-border identity, such as naming his cousin the Duke of Lennox also Duke of Richmond, while the Lord of the Isles became Prince of Wales, Duke of Albany became Duke of York and so on, but the two parliaments remained operatively separate, especially in their Commons. Ireland's distinct independent, parallel government with England in both matters of church and state, continued when Scotland was added to the mix, although James changed the Plantations of Ireland by introducing his own countrymen to Ulster, many of whom were quite resentful of English dominance in Leinster. The Stuart dynasty had long supported France through the Auld Alliance, so they made absolutely no attempts to claim the Throne of France. The Stuarts were pensioners of the Bourbons and often maligned for their foreign orientation within their inherited realm of England.
[edit] CommonwealthMain article: Commonwealth of England There was no reigning monarch between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Despite this, from 1653 the following individuals held power as Lords Protector, during the period known as the Protectorate.
[edit] House of Stuart (restored)Although the monarchy was restored in 1660, no stable settlement proved possible until the Glorious Revolution of 1688, when parliament finally asserted the right to choose whomsoever it pleased as monarch.
[edit] Timeline of English Monarchs
[edit] Acts of UnionSee also: List of British monarchs The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into a single United Kingdom of Great Britain.[93] The two countries had shared a monarch for about 100 years (since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I). Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head. There had been three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689 to unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early eighteenth century that the idea had the will of both political establishments behind them, albeit for rather different reasons. [edit] TitlesThe standard title for all monarchs from Alfred the Great until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum (King of the English). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:
In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English"). From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex Anglie, or Regina Anglie ("Queen of England") if female. In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was of course Queen of Great Britain rather than king).[94] [edit] Notes
[edit] See also
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