The Duchy of Apulia and Calabria in the political context of Italy and the Balkans in 1084.

This is a list of Counts and Dukes of Apulia and Calabria in Southern Italy from the 11th century to the 12th century. The county was originally a creation of Guaimar IV of Salerno, who was acclaimed Duke of Apulia and Calabria by the Normans. He in turn created the Norman leader, William I Iron Arm, a member of the famous Hauteville clan, count at Melfi. Although never recognized by the emperor, William is usually considered the first count of Apulia and Calabria. In 1047, the Emperor Henry III took away Guaimar's ducal title. He christened William's brother and successor Drogo Dux et Magister Italiae comesque Normannorum totius Apuliae et Calabriae and made him a direct vassal of the emperor.

[edit] Counts of Apulia and Calabria

Count	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
William I Iron Arm 1042–1046		before 1010 son of Tancred of Hauteville and Muriella	Guida of Sorrento	1046
Drogo 1046–1051		before 1010 son of Tancred of Hauteville and Muriella	Altrude of Salerno 1047 1 children	Montiglio 10 August 1051
Humphrey 1051–1057		before 1010 son of Tancred of Hauteville and Muriella	Gaitelgrima 2 children	August 1057
Robert Guiscard 1057–1059		1015 son of Tancred of Hauteville and Fressenda	Alberada of Buonalbergo 1051 2 children Sikelgaita 1058 8 children	1085 Fiskardo aged 70

[edit] Dukes of Apulia and Calabria

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Robert Guiscard 1059–1085		1015 son of Tancred of Hauteville and Fressenda	Alberada of Buonalbergo 1051 2 children Sikelgaita 1058 8 children	1085 Fiskardo aged 70
Roger I Borsa 1085–1111		1060 son of Robert Guiscard and Sikelgaita	Adela of Flanders 1091 1 child	22 February 1111 aged 51
William II 1111–1127		1095 son of Roger I Borsa and Adela of Flanders	1114 No children	July 1127 aged 19

In 1127 the duchy passed to the count of Sicily. It was thereafter used intermittently as a title for the heir apparent.

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death
Roger II 1127–1134		22 December 1095 Mileto son of Roger I of Sicily and Adelaide del Vasto	Elvira of Castile 1117 6 children Sibyl of Burgundy 1149 2 children Beatrix of Rethel 1151 1 child	26 February 1154 Palermo aged 59
Roger III 1134–1149 opposed by Ranulf		1118 son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile	never married	12 May 1148 aged 30
Ranulf 1137–1139 candidate of Pope Innocent II and the Emperor Lothair II		son of Robert, Count of Caiazzo and Gaitelgrima	Matilda	Troia 30 April 1139
William III 1149–1151		1131 son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile	Margaret of Navarre 4 children	7 May 1166 Palermo aged 35
Roger IV 1156–1161		1152 son of William I of Sicily and Margaret of Navarre	never married	1161 Palermo aged 9

The title was left vacant after the death of Roger IV. It may have been revived for a short-lived son of William II. It was revived by King Tancred for his eldest son in 1189.

[edit] Sources

• Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. Paris: 1907.
• Houben, Hubert (translated by Graham A. Loud and Diane Milburn). Roger II of Sicily: Ruler between East and West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
• Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016–1130. London: Longman, 1967.
• Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130–1194. London: Longman, 1970.
• Takayama, Hiroshi. The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. BRILL, 1993.

[edit] External links

• History of the Norman World