List of Apollo astronauts:
This is a list of all astronauts directly associated with NASA's Apollo program. A total of thirty-eight astronauts flew in an Apollo spacecraft, twenty-nine of whom were part of the Apollo program, the rest being Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz astronauts. Twenty-four of the Apollo program astronauts left Earth's orbit and flew around the Moon (Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 did not leave low Earth orbit).
Twelve of those astronauts landed on the Moon and walked on its surface, and six of those drove a Lunar rover on the Moon. While three astronauts had flown to the Moon twice, none of them landed on the Moon more than once. The nine Apollo missions to the moon all occurred between December 1968 and December 1972.
Apart from those twenty-four people who visited the moon, no human being has ever left low Earth orbit. They have, therefore, been further from the Earth than anyone else. They are also the only people to have seen the far side of the Moon directly. The twelve who walked on the moon are the only people ever to have set foot on an astronomical object other than the Earth.
[edit] Project Apollo fatalities
Apollo 1 Crew (L-R: Gus Grissom, Ed White, Roger Chaffee)
Although there were no in-flight fatalities in the Apollo program, three astronauts died in a training accident that was later called Apollo 1.
They were stuck in a capsule on the launch pad when a fire broke out. The 100 percent oxygen atmosphere and flammable materials were cited as factors worsening the wiring-short sparked fire, while the hatch design precluded any hope of a timely escape. Numerous redesigns were incorporated into the spacecraft before manned flights resumed.
- Virgil "Gus" Grissom - rumors claim he would have been the first man on the Moon if he had not died[1]
- Edward White
- Roger B. Chaffee
[edit] Other related fatalities in the Apollo program
- Edward Givens - Car accident near Houston, Texas on June 6, 1967, was on support crew of Apollo 7
- Clifton Williams - Plane crash near Tallahassee, Florida on October 5, 1967, was choosen as backup lunar modul pilot for Apollo 9.
[edit] People who have walked on the Moon
As of 2008[update], twelve people have walked on the Moon. No one has walked on the Moon since 1972.
Duke was the youngest, at age 36 (+6mo); Shepard was the oldest, at age 47 (+2mo).
James A. Lovell, Young, and Cernan are the only three astronauts to fly more than one lunar mission (two each). Of these three, only Lovell did not walk on the lunar surface. Lovell and Fred Haise were prevented from walking on the Moon by the malfunction on Apollo 13 that resulted in the mission being aborted.
Joe Engle had also trained to explore the Moon with Eugene Cernan as the backup crew for Apollo 14, but Engle was later replaced by geologist Harrison Schmitt when the primary crew for Apollo 17 was selected. Schmitt had been crewed with Dick Gordon in anticipation for Apollo 18. But when Apollo 18 was canceled, Schmitt bumped Engle, leaving Gordon as the last Apollo astronaut who had trained extensively for lunar exploration without ever getting a chance to fly a lunar landing.
[edit] People who flew around the Moon without landing
On each of the missions listed above one astronaut orbited the Moon while the other two landed. In addition each of the Apollo 8, Apollo 10, and Apollo 13 missions had a three-man crew and closely encountered the Moon (entering orbit in the case of the former two missions, while Apollo 13 only passed around it). Thus twelve more people have been within a few hundred kilometers of the Moon (along with Young and Cernan who flew out to the Moon and back without landing, but landed on subsequent missions):
Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to reach the Moon (Frank Borman, center)
- Frank Borman - Apollo 8
- Jim Lovell - Apollo 8, Apollo 13 (intended to land)
- William Anders - Apollo 8
- Tom Stafford - Apollo 10
- John Young - Apollo 10 (later landed on Apollo 16)
- Eugene Cernan - Apollo 10 (later landed on Apollo 17)
- Michael Collins - Apollo 11
- Dick Gordon - Apollo 12 (had been slated to land on Apollo 18) [3]
- Jack Swigert - Apollo 13
- Fred Haise - Apollo 13 (intended to land; had been slated to land on Apollo 19) [3]
- Stuart Roosa - Apollo 14 (he also have been slated to land on the moon with Apollo 21 if missions beyond Apollo 20 had been planned)
- Al Worden - Apollo 15
- Ken Mattingly - Apollo 16
- Ronald Evans - Apollo 17
[edit] Other Apollo astronauts
Dave Scott's spacewalk on Apollo 9
Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 orbited the Earth only; therefore these five Apollo astronauts never went to the Moon:
- Walter Schirra - Apollo 7
- Donn Eisele - Apollo 7 (was on backup-crew for Apollo 10)
- Walter Cunningham - Apollo 7
- James McDivitt - Apollo 9
- Rusty Schweickart - Apollo 9 (was on backup-crew for Skylab 2)
(David Scott from Apollo 9 went on to land on the Moon in Apollo 15.)
[edit] Backup crewmembers who never flew an Apollo flight
Each Apollo flight had a backup crew who trained to carry out the mission if the original crew was unable to fly. Only one backup crew member was ever used: Jack Swigert switched places with Ken Mattingly after Mattingly had been exposed to German measles a few days prior to the launch of Apollo 13. (Mattingly later flew aboard Apollo 16). However, shortly before the launch of Apollo 17, Eugene Cernan badly injured his leg playing softball and only just recovered in time for the mission. Had he been unable to fly he would have been replaced by back-up commander John Young, who would have become the only man to walk on the moon twice and would have done so on consecutive missions.
- Gordon Cooper - backup commander for Apollo 10 - lost the primary commander slot on Apollo 14 to Alan Shepard, and resigned from NASA in 1970.
- Joe Henry Engle - backup lunar module pilot for Apollo 14 - lost the primary pilot slot on Apollo 17 to Harrison Schmitt after the cancellation of Apollo 18. Engle later flew on the Space Shuttle Enterprise and commanded STS-2 with astronaut Richard Truly in 1981. He also commanded Discovery on STS-51-I in 1985.
- Don Lind - backup command module pilot for Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 (he also may have been slated to land on the moon with Apollo 21 if missions beyond Apollo 20 had been planned). He and Vance Brand were slated for the Skylab Rescue mission which was cancelled in late 1973 after the Apollo CSM aboard Skylab 3 had its thruster issue resolved. Lind later flew on the space shuttle mission STS-51-B.
[edit] Astronauts who flew on Apollo, listed by class
A chart showing astronaut assignments leading up to and during the Apollo era.
From the Mercury Seven
From Astronaut Group 2
- Neil Alden Armstrong, USN – Apollo 11
- Frank Frederick Borman II, USAF – Apollo 8
- Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr., USN – Apollo 12, Skylab 2
- James Arthur Lovell, Jr., USN – Apollo 8, Apollo 13
- James Alton McDivitt, USAF – Apollo 9
- Thomas Patten Stafford, USAF – Apollo 10, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
- John Watts Young, USN – Apollo 10, Apollo 16
From Astronaut Group 3
- Buzz Aldrin, USAF – Apollo 11
- William Alison Anders, USAF – Apollo 8
- Alan LaVern Bean, USN – Apollo 12, Skylab 3
- Eugene Andrew Cernan, USN – Apollo 10, Apollo 17
- Michael Collins, USAF – Apollo 11
- Walter Cunningham, USMC – Apollo 7
- Donn Fulton Eisele, USAF – Apollo 7
- Richard Francis Gordon, Jr., USN – Apollo 12
- Russell Louis "Rusty" Schweickart, USAF – Apollo 9
- David Randolph Scott, USAF – Apollo 9, Apollo 15
From Astronaut Group 4
From Astronaut Group 5
- Charles Moss Duke, Jr., USAF – Apollo 16
- Ronald Ellwin Evans, Jr., USN – Apollo 17
- Fred Wallace Haise, Jr., USMC – Apollo 13
- James Benson Irwin, USAF – Apollo 15
- Thomas Kenneth Mattingly II, USN – Apollo 16
- Edgar Dean Mitchell, USN – Apollo 14
- Stuart Allen Roosa, USAF – Apollo 14
- John Leonard "Jack" Swigert, Jr., USAF – Apollo 13
- Alfred Merrill Worden, USAF – Apollo 15
In addition, the following astronauts flew on Post-Apollo missions using Apollo hardware:
From the Mercury Seven
From Astronaut Group 4
From Astronaut Group 5
[edit] References
- ^ Detailed Biographies of Apollo I Crew - Gus Grissom [1], Mary C. Zornio, NASA, accessed July 19, 2006.
- ^ This date is based on GMT. Americans alive at the time remember it as the night of July 20, 1969 (Armstrong set foot on the Moon at 10:56 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time), but the official NASA chronology was kept in GMT, so the first step was 2:56 a.m. on the 21st: [2]
- ^ a b Apollo 18 through 20 - The Cancelled Missions[3], Dr. David R. Williams, NASA, accessed July 19, 2006.
|
