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The Federal League or League of Free Peoples (Spanish: Liga Federal or Liga de los Pueblos Libres) was a confederal state based around Montevideo from 1815 to 1820 in what is now Uruguay and parts of Argentina that was created after the break up of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The idea of federalist country originates from José Gervasio Artigas, a soldier and former Spanish army officer. The country was intended to extend throughout Argentina, but as a state inteded to be focused on Montevideo and the banda oriental (the region which became Uruguay), it was a predecessor of modern Uruguay. The country was dissolved after facing attacks from the invading Portuguese empire from Brazil and other Spanish forces from the newly created United Provinces of South America.
[edit] HistoryMain article: May Revolution On May 13, 1810, the arrival of a British frigate in Montevideo confirmed the rumors circulating in Buenos Aires: France, led by Emperor Napoleon, had invaded Spain, capturing and overthrowing Ferdinand VII Bourbon, the Spanish King. The situation was clear: with the authority of the viceregency gone, there was a power vacuum. Leading figures in Buenos Aires quickly arranged a meeting and after much discussion it was decided to replace the Spanish rule with a local Junta After the May Revolution, most of the provinces of former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata got together forming the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, also known as United Provinces of South America in 1810. The four provinces of Upper Peru (Today's Bolivia) were occupied by Spanish Royalist forces and the other ten provinces were under pressure from Royalist forces. [edit] José Gervasio ArtigasMain article: José Gervasio Artigas In 1810, Spain moved the headquarters for the Viceroyalty of the River Plate to Montevideo after the May Revolution forced them to abandon Buenos Aires. On February 15, 1811 José Gervasio Artigas left his home of Montevideo and moved to Buenos Aires to offer his military services. The people of Spanish America were fighting for their freedom and Artigas wished to defend these ideals in the Eastern Bank. At the beginning of April he returned to his country with approximately 180 men provided by the Government of Buenos Aires; on April 11, he issued the Mercedes Proclamation, assumed control of the revolution and on May 18 defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Las Piedras. He then began the siege of Montevideo and was acclaimed as The First Chief of the "Orientals" (the first names of current Uruguay being Banda Oriental (Eastern Bank) and later Provincia Oriental (Eastern Province), Uruguayans thus refer to themselves as 'Orientales'). He soon turned against the government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and in 1814 he organized the Liga de los Pueblos Libres (League of the Free Peoples), of which he was declared Protector. In the following year, as a federalist, he liberated Montevideo from the centralizing control of the "Unitarians", installed in Buenos Aires and in 1815 declared the Liga Federal. In this congress Artigas ratified the use of the flag created by Manuel Belgrano (which would later become the flag of the Argentine Republic), but added a diagonal festoon in red, red being the sign of federalism in Argentina at that time.[1] The Liga Federal original member provinces were the present day Argentinian provinces of: [edit] Downfall
The constant growth of influence and prestige of the Federal League frightened Buenos Aires (due to its federalism) and Portugal (because of its republicanism), and in August, 1816 the latter invaded the Eastern Province (with Buenos Aires's tacit complicity)[2], with the intention of destroying the protector Artigas and his revolution. The Portuguese forces, led by Carlos Frederico Lecor, thanks to his numerical and material superiority, conquered Artigas and his deputies and occupied Montevideo on January 20, 1817, but the struggle continued for three long years in the countryside. Infuriated by Buenos Aires's passivity, Artigas declared war at the same time that he faced the Portuguese with armies that were decimated by successive defeats. His subordinates, members of the Federal League—Francisco Ramírez, governor of Entre Ríos, and Estanislao López, governor of Santa Fe--managed to end the victorious struggle against the centralism of Buenos Aires. But any hope of a new nation was short-lived; both commanders entered agreements with Buenos Aires which went against the principles of Artigas. They finally rebelled against him and left him to be crushed by the Lusitanians. Without resources and without suitable men for the struggle the federal nation of Liga Federal dissolved and Artigas withdrew to Paraguay on his own in September, 1820.[2][3] In Paraguay, Dr. Francia, the dictator, banished him to Candelaria. He then disappeared from the political life of the region. [edit] AftermathThe provinces of the Liga Federal joined the United Provinces after the Unitarists's defeat in the Battle of Cepeda allowed federal elements of the United Provinces government to seize control.
[edit] References
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