A life-critical system or safety-critical system is a system whose failure or malfunction may result in:

• death or serious injury to people, or
• loss or severe damage to equipment or
• environmental harm.

Risks of this sort are usually managed with the methods and tools of safety engineering. A life-critical system is designed to lose less than one life per billion (10⁹) hours of operation.^[1] Typical design methods include probabilistic risk assessment, a method that combines failure modes and effects analysis with fault tree analysis. Some Flame Sensors use self-checking moving mechanical to temporarily, momentarily blind the sensor to confirm the sensor has not stuck in the hot condition. Safety-critical systems are increasingly computer-based.

Contents 1 Reliability regimes 2 Software engineering for life-critical systems 3 Examples of life-critical systems 3.1 Infrastructure 3.2 Medicine 3.3 Nuclear engineering 3.4 Recreation 3.5 Transport 3.5.1 Automotive 3.5.2 Aviation 3.5.3 Spaceflight 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Reliability regimes

Several reliability regimes for life-critical systems exist:

• Fail-operational systems continue to operate when they fail. Examples of these include elevators, the gas thermostats in most home furnaces, and passively safe nuclear reactors. Fail-operational mode is sometimes unsafe. Nuclear weapons launch-on-loss-of-communications was rejected as a control system for the U.S. nuclear forces because it is fail-operational: a loss of communications would cause launch, so this mode of operation was considered too risky.
• Fail-safe systems become safe when they cannot operate. Many medical systems fall into this category. For example, an infusion pump can fail, and as long as it complains to the nurse and ceases pumping, it will not threaten the loss of life because its safety interval is long enough to permit a human response. In a similar vein, an industrial or domestic burner controller (of which there are thousands in our homes and workplaces all with explosive and poisoning capabilities), can fail, but must fail in a safe mode (i.e. turn combustion off when they detect faults). Famously, nuclear weapon systems that launch-on-command are fail-safe, because if the communications systems fail, launch cannot be commanded. Railway signaling is designed to be fail-safe.
• Fail-secure systems maintain maximum security when they can not operate. For example, while fail-safe electronic doors unlock during power failures, fail-secure ones lock, possibly trapping people in a burning building.
• Fail-Passive systems continue to operate in the event of a system failure. An example includes an aircraft autopilot. In the event of a failure, the aircraft would remain in a controllable state and allow the pilot to take over and complete the journey and perform a safe landing.
• Fault-tolerant systems avoid service failure when faults are introduced to the system. An example may include control systems for ordinary nuclear reactors. The normal method to tolerate faults is to have several computers continually test the parts of a system, and switch in hot spares for failing subsystems. As long as faulty subsystems are replaced or repaired at normal maintenance intervals, these systems are considered safe. Interestingly, the computers, power supplies and control terminals used by human beings must all be duplicated in these systems in some fashion.

[edit] Software engineering for life-critical systems

Software engineering for life-critical systems is particularly difficult. There are three aspects which can be applied to aid the engineering software for life-critical systems. First is process engineering and management. Secondly, selecting the appropriate tools and environment for the system. This allows the system developer to effectively test the system by emulation and observe its effectiveness. Thirdly, address any legal and regulatory requirements, such as FAA requirements for aviation. By setting a standard for which a system is required to be developed under, it forces the designers to stick to the requirements. The avionics industry has succeeded in producing standard methods for producing life-critical avionics software. The standard approach is to carefully code, inspect, document, test, verify and analyze the system. Another approach is to certify a production system, a compiler, and then generate the system's code from specifications. Another approach uses formal methods to generate proofs that the code meets requirements. All of these approaches improve the software quality in safety-critical systems by testing or eliminating manual steps in the development process, because people make mistakes, and these mistakes are the most common cause of potential life-threatening errors.

[edit] Examples of life-critical systems

[edit] Infrastructure

• Circuit breaker
• Emergency services dispatch systems
• Electricity generation, transmission and distribution
• Fire alarm
• Fire sprinkler
• Fuse (electrical)
• Fuse (hydraulic)
• Telecommunications
• Burner Control systems

[edit] Medicine

The technology requirements can go beyond avoidance of failure, and can even facilitate medical intensive care (which deals with healing patients), and also life support (which is for stabilizing patients).

• Heart-lung machines
• Mechanical ventilation systems
• Infusion pumps and Insulin pumps
• Radiation therapy machines
• Robotic surgery machines
• Defibrillator machines

[edit] Nuclear engineering

• Nuclear reactor control systems

[edit] Recreation

• Amusement rides
• Climbing equipment
• Parachutes
• SCUBA Equipment

[edit] Transport

• Railway signalling and control systems

[edit] Automotive

• Airbag systems
• Braking systems
• Seat belts

[edit] Aviation

• Air traffic control systems
• Avionics, particularly fly-by-wire systems
• Radio navigation RAIM
• Aircrew life support systems
• Flight planning to determine fuel requirements for a flight

[edit] Spaceflight

• Human spaceflight vehicles
• Rocket range launch safety systems
• Launch vehicle safety

[edit] See also

• Mission critical
• International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems
• Safety Critical Decision Making
• Reliability theory
• Reliable system design
• Redundancy (engineering)
• Factor of safety
• Nuclear reactor
• Biomedical engineering
• SAPHIRE (risk analysis software)
• Formal methods
• Therac-25

[edit] References

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009)

[edit] External links

• An Example of a Life-Critical System
• Safety-critical systems Virtual Library
• They Write the Right Stuff
• Explanation of Fail Operational and Fail Passive in Avionics
• Useful Slides which explain Fault Tolerance and Fail * in distributed Systems