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For liberal political views within Christianity, see Christian left. For liberal social views within Christianity, see Progressive Christianity. For the particular intra-ecclesiastical form of theological Modernism considered heresy by the Roman Catholic Church, see Modernism (Roman Catholicism).

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Liberal Christianity, sometimes called liberal theology, is an umbrella term covering diverse, philosophically informed religious movements and ideas within Christianity from the late 18th century and onwards. The word "liberal" in liberal Christianity does not refer to a progressive political agenda or set of beliefs, but rather to the manner of thought and belief associated with the philosophical and religious paradigms developed during the Age of Enlightenment.

[edit] Contributions to biblical hermeneutics

The theology of liberal Christianity was prominent in the biblical criticism of the 19th and 20th centuries. The style of scriptural hermeneutics within liberal theology is often characterized as non-propositional. This means that the Bible is not considered a collection of factual statements but instead documents the human authors' beliefs and feelings about God at the time of its writing—within a historic/cultural context. Thus, liberal Christian theologians do not claim to discover truth propositions but rather create religious models and concepts that reflect the class, gender, social, and political contexts from which they emerge. Liberal Christianity looks upon the Bible as a collection of narratives that explain, epitomize, or symbolize the essence and significance of Christian understanding.^[1]

[edit] Liberal Christian beliefs

Liberal Christianity, broadly speaking, is a method of biblical hermeneutics, an individualistic method of understanding God through the use of scripture by applying the same modern hermeneutics used to understand any ancient writings. Liberal Christianity does not claim to be a belief structure, and as such is not dependent upon any Church dogma or creedal statements. Unlike conservative varieties of Christianity, it has no unified set of propositional beliefs. The word liberal in liberal Christianity denotes a characteristic willingness to interpret scripture without any preconceived notion of inerrancy of scripture or the correctness of Church dogma.^[2] A liberal Christian, however, may hold certain beliefs in common with traditional, orthodox, or even conservative Christianity.

[edit] Influence of liberal Christianity

Liberal Christianity was most influential with mainline Protestant churches in the early 20th century, when proponents believed the changes it would bring would be the future of the Christian church. Despite that optimism, its influence in mainline churches waned in the wake of World War II, as the more conservative, yet radical, alternative of neo-orthodoxy (and later postliberalism) began to supplant the earlier modernism. Other subsequent theological movements within the Protestant mainline included political liberation theology, philosophical forms of postmodern Christianity such as Christian existentialism, and conservative movements such as neo-evangelicalism and paleo-orthodoxy.

However, the 1990s and early 2000s saw a resurgence of non-doctrinal, scholarly work on biblical exegesis and theology, exemplified by figures such as Marcus Borg, John Dominic Crossan, John Shelby Spong. Their appeal, like that of the earlier modernism, also is primarily found in the mainline denominations.

[edit] Liberal Christian theologians and authors

[edit] Anglican and Protestant

Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768–1834), often called the "father of liberal theology," he claimed that religious experience was introspective, and that the truest understanding of God consisted of "a sense of absolute dependence".
William Ellery Channing (1780–1842), pioneering liberal theologian in the USA, who criticized the doctrine of the Trinity and the strength of scriptural authority, in favor of more rationalistic and historical-critical beliefs.
Henry Ward Beecher (1813–1887), US preacher who left behind the Calvinist orthodoxy of his famous father, the Reverend Lyman Beecher, to popularize liberal Christianity.
Adolf von Harnack, (1851–1930), German theologian and church historian, promoted the Social Gospel.
Charles Fillmore (1854–1948). Emerson-influenced Christian mystic and co-founder (with his wife, Myrtle Fillmore) of the Unity Church.
Harry Emerson Fosdick (1878–1969), Baptist founding pastor of New York's Riverside Church in 1922.
Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976), German biblical scholar.
Paul Tillich (1886–1965), synthesized Protestant Christian theology with existential philosophy
Leslie Weatherhead (1893–1976), English preacher, and author of The Will of God and The Christian Agnostic
Lloyd Geering (1918–), Prominent New Zealand theologian.
Paul Moore, Jr. (1919 - 2003), 13th Episcopal Bishop, New York Diocese
John A.T. Robinson (1919–1983), Bishop of Woolwich, author of Honest to God.
John Hick (b. 1922) British philosopher of religion and theologian.
William Sloane Coffin (1924–2006), Senior Minister at the Riverside Church in New York City, and President of SANE/Freeze (now Peace Action).
John Shelby Spong (1931–), Episcopal bishop and author.
Richard Holloway (1933-), Bishop of Edinburgh 1986-2000.
Keith Ward (b. 1938) British Anglican cleric, philosopher, theologian, and scholar.
Matthew Fox (priest) (b. 1940) an American Episcopalian priest and theologian.
Marcus Borg (b. 1942) American Biblical scholar and author.
Scotty McLennan (b. 1948), author of Jesus Was A Liberal, Dean for Religious Life at Stanford University, Minister of Stanford Memorial Church, and inspiration for the Reverend Scot Sloan character in the comic strip Doonesbury by Gary Trudeau.
Douglas Ottati, Presbyterian theologian and author, former professor at Union-PSCE, current professor at Davidson College.

[edit] Roman Catholic

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955), a French Jesuit, also trained as a paleontologist; works condemned by the Holy Office in 1962. The condemnation was formally reaffirmed in 1981 but many theologians still refer to his writings, including Pope Benedict XVI.
Yves Congar (1904–1995), French Dominican ecumenical theologian.
Edward Schillebeeckx, (b. 1914) Belgian Dominican theologian.
Hans Küng, (b. 1928) Swiss theologian. Had his licence to teach Catholic theology revoked in 1979 because of his rejection of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Church, but retained his faculties to say the Mass.
John Dominic Crossan, (b. 1934) ex-priest, New Testament scholar, co-founder of the Jesus Seminar.
Joan Chittister, (b. 1936) OSB, a lecturer and social psychologist.
Leonardo Boff, (b. 1938) Brazilian, ex-Franciscan, ex-priest, cofounder of Liberation theology.

[edit] References

^ Montgomery, John Warwick. In Defense of Martin Luther. Milwaukee: Northwestern, 1970, p. 57. “Luther’s Hermeneutic vs. the New Hermeneutic.” Quoted in http://www.wlsessays.net/authors/W/WestphalConfession/WestphalConfession.PDF
^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Liberalism". http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09212a.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-27.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

[0] Montgomery, John Warwick. In Defense of Martin Luther. Milwaukee: Northwestern, 1970, p. 57. “Luther’s Hermeneutic vs. the New Hermeneutic.” Quoted in http://www.wlsessays.net/authors/W/WestphalConfession/WestphalConfession.PDF

[1] "Catholic Encyclopedia: Liberalism". http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09212a.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-27.

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