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This article is about the anthem. For the Roselyn Sanchez album, see Borinqueña (album).
La Borinqueña is the national anthem of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The current official music and words were codified in 1903[citation needed] and have since been taught in schools and generally adopted by the public. The music was officially adopted by the government in 1952,[1] and the words in 1977[2]. The title refers to the aboriginal Taíno name for the island of Puerto Rico, Boriken or Boriquen.
[edit] HistoryThe music was originally credited to Félix Astol Artés in 1867 as an habanera danza, with romantic lyrics, but there is some evidence that Francisco Ramírez, a native of San Germán, wrote the music[2] in 1860, and named it "La Almojábana"[3]. In 1868, Lola Rodríguez de Tió wrote a poem in support of Puerto Rican revolution, which was set to the Ramirez/Astol Artés music. When the Spanish authorities investigated, Ramirez, out of fear, asked Astol to claim authorship of the music, since Astol was a native of Catalonia and would therefore not raise any suspicion[2]. With the original lyrics deemed too subversive for official adoption, a non-confrontational set of lyrics was written in 1903 by Asturias-born Manuel Fernández Juncos and taught in the public schools. The tune was officially adopted as the Commonwealth's anthem in 1952, and continued to be sung with the Manuel Fernández Juncos words (which, however, were not officially adopted until 1977). The official version is played as a slow march, without the original tune's initial paseo. Musical critics in Puerto Rico have raised their opposition to the rhythm change[citation needed]. Luis Miranda, the musical director of Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment Band, adapted the tune to be played as a march in 1922. Regino Colón rearranged the music in 1952, but left it as a march. The 1977 law that adopted the tune as an anthem merely stated that the anthem be played as a march, the tempo vaguely described as being in a "martial manner", but established no official arrangement for the music. An official revision made in 2003 leaves the tune as a march. Both versions are given below. The Fernández Juncos version is the most familiar version; it is, for example, sung spontaneously to celebrate Puerto Rican successes in athletic events. As of 2004[update] the "revolutionary" version is associated with the Puerto Rican Independence movement[citation needed] (see Politics of Puerto Rico) and was sung at the Vieques Navy protests. [edit] National Anthem of Puerto Rico(words by Manuel Fernández Juncos, 1903)
[edit] Original 1868 revolutionary version by Lola Rodríguez de Tió
[edit] See also[edit] References
[edit] External links
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