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 The Kingdom of Judah (Hebrew: מַלְכּוּת יְהוּדָה, Modern Malkut Yəhuda Tiberian Malkûṯ Yəhûḏāh) existed at two periods in Jewish history. According to the Hebrew Bible, a kingdom emerged in Judah after the death of Saul, when the tribe of Judah elevated David, who came from the Tribe of Judah, to rule over it. After seven years David became king of a reunited Kingdom of Israel. During this period, Jerusalem became the capital of the united kingdom. (2 Samuel 5:6-7) However, in about 930 BCE the united kingdom split, with ten of the twelve Tribes of Israel rejecting Solomon's son Rehoboam as their king. The Tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam, and reformed the Kingdom of Judah, while the other entity continuing to be called the Kingdom of Israel, or Israel. The Kingdom of Judah is also often referred to as the Southern Kingdom, while the Kingdom of Israel following the split is referred to as the Northern Kingdom. Judah existed until 586 BCE, when it was conquered by the Babylonian Empire under Nebuzar-adan, captain of Nebuchadnezzar's body-guard. (2 Kings 25:8-21) With the deportation of most of the population and the destruction of the Temple and of Jerusalem, the destruction of the kingdom was complete. Gedaliah, with a Chaldean guard stationed at Mizpah, was made governor to rule over Judah, (2 Kings 25:22-24; Jeremiah 40:6-8) but before long he was assassinated, and the remnant of the community was left leaderless. The Davidic dynasty began when the tribe of Judah made David its king, following the death of Saul. The Davidic line continued when David became king of the reunited Kingdom of Israel. When the united kingdom split, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin continued to be loyal to the Davidic line, which ruled it until the kingdom was destroyed in 586 BCE. However, the Davidic line continued to be respected by the exiles in Babylon, who regarded the Exilarchs as kings-in-exile.
[edit] Territory The Kingdom of Judah comprised the territories of the tribes of Judah, Simeon, and Benjamin, an area of about 8,900 km2 (3,436 sq mi). During the first period of the Kingdom of Judah, the capital was Hebron, and during the second period, the capital of the united kingdom, Jerusalem, continued as the capital of Judah. Jerusalem was in the territory of the tribe of Benjamin. The area that comprised the kingdom consisted of the area known as Har Yehudah ("the mountain (district) of the gorge(s)"). The area seems to have originally been occupied by Kenites, Calebites, Othnielites, and in Jerusalem Jebusites. After the breakdown of the United Monarchy, the border between Benjamin and Ephraim (which was the border between the northern and southern kingdoms) became a matter of dispute between them. Though Bethel had originally been allocated to Benjamin, by the time of the prophetess Deborah, Bethel is described as being in the land of the Tribe of Ephraim. (Judges 4:5) Some twenty years after the breakup of the United Monarchy, Abijah, the second king of Judah, defeated Jeroboam of Israel and took back the towns of Bethel, Jeshanah and Ephron, with their surrounding villages, with a great loss of life. (2 Chronicles 13:17-19) Ephron is believed to be the Ophrah that was also allocated to the Tribe of Benjamin by Joshua.[1] [edit] History
Main article: History of Ancient Israel and Judah  The united Kingdom of Israel was a union of the twelve Israelite tribes living in the area that presently approximates modern Israel and the Palestinian territories. The united kingdom existed from around 1030 to about 930 BCE. After the death of Solomon in 931 BCE, the ten northern tribes refused to accept Rehoboam as their king, and instead in about 930 BCE chose Jeroboam, who was not of the Davidic line, as their king. The northern kingdom continued to be called the Kingdom of Israel or Israel. The revolt took place at Shechem, and at first only the tribe of Judah remained loyal to the house of David. But very soon thereafter the tribe of Benjamin joined Judah, and Jerusalem (which was in Benjamin's territory: Joshua 18:28) became the capital of the new kingdom. The southern kingdom was called the kingdom of Judah, or Judah. 2 Chronicles 15:9 also says that members of the tribes of Ephraim, Manasseh and Simeon "fled" to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah. For the first sixty years, the kings of Judah tried to re-establish their authority over the northern kingdom, and there was perpetual war between them. For the following eighty years, there was no open war between them, and, for the most part, they were in friendly alliance, co-operating against their common enemies, especially against Damascus. Israel existed as an independent state until around 720 BCE when it was conquered by the Assyrian Empire. The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled, becoming known as the The Ten Lost Tribes. However, other writers estimate that only a fifth of the population (about 40,000) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II.[2] Many also fled south to Jerusalem, which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period, requiring a new wall to be built, and a new source of water (Siloam) to be provided by King Hezekiah. File:A reconstructed Israelite house, Monarchy period3.jpg Reconstructed Israelite house from the Monarchy period After the destruction of Israel, Judah continued to exist for about a century and a half until being conquered by the Babylonians. King Hezekiah of Judah (727-698 BCE) is noted in the Bible for initiating reforms that enforced Jewish laws against idolatry (in this case, the worship of Ba'alim and Asherah, among other traditional Near Eastern divinities). [3][4] In his reign is also dated the Siloam inscription in Old Hebrew alphabet. Manasseh of Judah (698-642 BCE), sacrificed his son to Molech, 2 Kings 21. He and his son Amon (reigned 642-640 BCE) reversed Hezekiah's reforms and officially revived idolatry. According to later rabbinical accounts, Manasseh placed a grotesque, four-faced idol in the Holy of Holies. The reign of king Josiah (640-609 BCE) was accompanied by a religious reformation. According to the Bible, while repairs were made on the Temple, a 'Book of the Law' was discovered (possibly the book of Deuteronomy).[5] In 586 BCE, the Babyloníans, under king Nebuchadnezzar II, captured Jerusalem. The First Temple was destroyed as was the city of Jerusalem. To this day, the destruction is remembered by Jews on the 9th of Av, or Tisha B'Av.[6] Following this conquest, much of the population of Judah was deported from the land and dispersed throughout the Babylonian Empire, and the independent Kingdom of Judah came to an end. The House of David continued to be respected and recognised as leaders of the Babylonian Jewish community as Exilarchs. A Jewish kingdom was revived by the Maccabees four centuries later, in a modified form. [edit] Prophets of Judah
[edit] The Kings of Judah
 For this period, most historians follow either of the older chronologies established by William F. Albright or Edwin R. Thiele, or the newer chronologies of Gershon Galil or Kenneth Kitchen,[7] all of which are shown below. All dates are BCE.
[edit] From the end of the kingdom to the presentAfter the end of the ancient kingdom the area passed into foreign rule, apart from brief periods, under the following powers:
[edit] References
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[edit] External links
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