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Reino de Galicia Kingdom of Galicia ←   ← 410 — 584 910 — 1833 →   → Flag Royal coat of arms Motto Hoc hic misterium fidei firmiter profitemur  (Latin) "Here, with great faith, we confess this mystery" Location of  Kingdom of Galicia  (red) on the European continent  (camel) in the XI century. Capital Saint James of Compostela¹ Language(s) Galician Religion Christianity Government Monarchy Monarch  - 910-924 Ordonius I  - 925-929 Sancius I  - 1111-1157 Adefonsus VII Legislature Xuntas do Reino de Galicia History  - Established 410  - Disestablished 1833 ¹ By the early modern era established at Saint James of Compostela, and before that Lugo & various.

Renaissance map of the kingdom of Galicia (16th century). Drawn by Ioannes Baptista Vrints.

Kingdom of Galicia is the name of two distinct entities within the Iberian Peninsula. In the first period, it was a barbarian monarchy ruled by the Suebi, a Germanic-speaking people who entered the Western Roman Empire in 406. Their kingdom corresponded to the Roman province of Gallaecia in the northwest corner of Iberia. This kingdom was finally annexed by the Visigoths in 585.

The Suebic kingdom of Gallaecia (known as Kingdom of Gallicia to Gregory of Tours) should not be mistaken for the later medieval kingdom of Galicia, established after the Kingdom of Asturias, ideologically a Visigothic successor state, was divided in 910. It had this independence off and on for a little over two centuries: in 1126 the Galician king, Alfonso VII, inherited the Crown of Castile and in 1128 the southern region of Galicia, the County of Portugal, became the independent Kingdom of Portugal; from here the Portuguese reconquista was launched southward, and with it the medieval Galician-Portuguese. When the Crown of Castile was divided in 1157, Galicia remained a part of the Kingdom of León. In any case, the Kingdom of Galicia continued to exist as a formal institution until 1833.

[edit] Suebic Kingdom

The Suebic kingdom of Galicia lasted from 410 to 584 and seems to have enjoyed relatively stable government for most of that time. In the beginning, Gallaecia was divided between two kingdoms, the kingdom of the Vandals Hasdingi and the kingdom of the Suebi. Latter on, the kingdom of the Hasdingi was conquered by the Suebi when a war broke out between the Vandal Gunderic and the Suebi Hermeric. The Suebi were helped by the Romans and the Vandal army fled to the kingdom of the Silingi Vandals in Baetica. Historians like José Antonio López Silva, translator of Idatius' chronicles, the primary written source for the period, find that the essential temper of Galician culture was established in the blending of Ibero-Roman culture with that of the Suebi [1].

As with most Germanic invasions, the number of the original Suebi invaders is estimated at fewer than 100,000 (the number of the Vandals and Alans that passed into Africa were 50,000-80,000), settling mainly in the zones around modern Northern Portugal and Galicia, mainly in Braga (Bracara Augusta), Porto, Lugo (Lucus Augusta), and Astorga (Asturica Augusta). The valley of the Limia River is thought to have received the largest concentration of germanic settlers. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of Braga, became the capital of the Suebi, as it was previously the capital of the Gallaecian province. Suebic Gallaecia was larger than the modern region: it extended south to the Douro and to Ávila in the east. At its heyday, it extended as far as Mérida or Seville.

In 438, Hermeric ratified the peace with the Galaicos, the native Hispano-Roman people, and abdicated in favor of his son Rechila. In 448, Rechila died, leaving a state in expansion to his son Rechiar, who imposed his Roman Catholic faith on the pagan Suebi and Priscillianist Galaico population, after himself being converted in 447. In 456, Rechiar died and Suebi glory began to fade. Multiple candidates for the throne appeared, grouped in two factions. A division marked by the river Minius (modern Minho) is noticed, probably a consequence of the two tribes, Quadi and Marcomanni, who constituted the Suebi nation in the Iberian Peninsula. Together with the Suebi came another Germanic tribe, the Buri, that settled in the lands known as Terras de Bouro (Lands of the Buri) in what is now Portugal.

There were occasional clashes with the Visigoths, who arrived in the Iberian peninsula in 416, having been sent from Aquitaine by the Western Roman Emperor to battle the Vandals and Alans. They came to dominate most of it, but the Suebi maintained their independence until 584, when the Visigothic King Leovigild, on the pretext of conflict over the succession, invaded the Suebic kingdom and finally defeated it. Andeca, the last king of the Suebi, held out for a year before surrendering in 585. With his surrender, this branch of the Suebi was absorbed into the Visigothic kingdom.

Only after the Visigoths conquered the kingdom of the Suebi in 585, St Braulio of Zaragoza (590 - 651) depicted the region as "the extremity of the west in an illiterate country where nought is heard but the sound of gales". As with the Visigothic language, there are just some traces of the Suebi tongue as the barbarians quickly adopted the local vulgar Latin ( suev. *laiwarika: laverca, lark).

The historiography of the Suebi, and of Galicia in general, was long marginalised in Spanish culture; it was left to a German scholar to write the first connected history of the Suebi in Galicia, as writer-historian Xoán Bernárdez Vilar has pointed out [2].

[edit] Visigothic subkingdom

There is a possibility that the regnum Suevorum (Kingdom of the Suevi) was recreated by the Visigothic king Egica as a subkingdom for his son Wittiza. The Chronicle of Alfonso III, of dubious accuracy but often vital, is the only primary source to record the event. Though usually dismissed as nonsense, it has received some support from scholars of the late Visigothic period.

In 701 an outbreak of plague spread westward from Greece to Spain, hitting Toledo, the Visigothic capital, in 701, so severe that the royal family, including Egica and Wittiza, fled. It has been suggested that this provided the occasion for sending Wittiza to Tui—which is recorded as his capital—to rule the "Suevic" (sub)kingdom.^[1] The possibility has also been raised that the thirteenth-century chronicler Lucas of Tuy when he records that Wittiza relieved the oppression of the Jews—a fact unknown from his reign at Toledo after his father—may in fact refer to his reign at Tuy, Lucas' hometown, where an oral tradition may have been preserved of the events of his Galician "reign".^[2]

[edit] Asturian successor state

After the Visigothic collapse in 711, the remaining Gothic independents fled to the Asturias mountains and eventually set up a state of their own, electing as their leader Pelayo. The first leader who can assuredly be called king was Alfonso I, who was also the first to expand the kingdom of Asturias into Galicia. This kingdom continued to expand until the large "Desert of the Douro," a vast no-man's land created by Alfonso in the region between his kingdom and the Douro to keep out invaders, was repopulated (see Repoblación). On the death of Alfonso III (910), the kingdom was divided between the original Asturias (including Cantabria), Galicia, and the newest province of León (formed out of the Desert).

In 966 the Viking Gundered raided Galicia.

[edit] Asturian Kings of Galicia

• Ordoño II (910-924), also king of León from 914
• Fruela II (924-925, also king of León from 924 and of Asturias from 910
• Alfonso Froilaz the Hunchback (925-926)
• Sancho I Ordóñez (926–929)
• Alfonso IV (929–931), also king of León from 925

The kingdom was hereafter united to León, with the exception of:

• Bermudo II (982-999), also king of León from 984

[edit] Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal

The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared independence following the death of Ferdinand I of León. In 1063, Ferdinand I had divided his kingdom among his sons. Galicia was allotted to García, who became García II of Galicia.

The Count of Portugal, Nuno II Mendes, took advantage of the internal tension caused by the civil war between Ferdinand's sons to finally break off and declare himself an independent ruler. However, in 1071, King García defeated and killed him at the Battle of Pedroso and annexed his territory, adding the title of King of Portugal to his previous ones.

[edit] Kingdom of the Crown of León

In 1072, García himself was defeated by his brother Sancho II of Castile and fled. In that same year, after Sancho's murder Alfonso VI became king of León and Castile; he imprisoned García for life, proclaiming himself King of Galicia and Portugal as well, thus reuniting his father's realm. From 1073, Galicia remained in personal union with the kingdom of León, except for Alfonso VII, who received in 1111 the title of King of Galicia from his mother Urraca, queen of the united kingdom of León-Castile-Galicia, who desired to assure her son's prospects and groom him for his eventual succession. After his death in 1157, the Kingdom of Galicia became a formal institution within the Crown of León.

[edit] Leonese and Castilian kings of Galicia

• Alfonso VII the Emperor (1111-1157), also king of León and Castile from 1127.

[edit] The Galician Kingdom in the Modern Era

Arms of King of Galicia according to the English armorial Segar´s Roll, 13th century.

The Kingdom of Galicia was represented to the central Spanish monarchy by the Xunta, first established in 1528. The Xunta was composed by representatives from the cities of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Betanzos, A Coruña, Mondoñedo, Ourense and Tui. The Xunta did not hold real power. It was only during the Peninsular War that it achieved some autonomy as the Spanish control weakened. During that war of independence against France the Xunta proclaimed its sovereignty (1808-1813). Ferdinand VII of Spain would eventually take over Galicia again in 1813.

The Kingdom of Galicia continued to formally exist until 1833. This was the time of the provincial division under the regency of María Cristina. Galicia regained its territorial unity following an armed uprising in 1846, but never regained its condition of Kingdom.

[edit] References

• Lopez Carreira, A. (1998): O Reino de Galiza. A Nosa Terra, Vigo
• Nogueira, C. (2001): A Memoria da nación: o reino da Gallaecia. Xerais, Vigo
• Lopez Carreira, A. (2005): O Reino medieval de Galicia. A Nosa Terra, Vigo

[edit] Notes