Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija Horvát-Szlavón Királyság Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia Land of the Crown of St. Stephen (within the Austro-Hungarian Empire) ←   ← 1868–1918 → State flag Coat of arms Map of the Kingdom of Croatia Slavonia (red) cca. 1885. The Kingdom was a part of Transleithanian Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen). The rest of Austria-Hungary is in light gray. Capital Zagreb Language(s) Croatian or Serbian,[1][2][3][4] Hungarian Religion Roman Catholic Government Monarchy Historical era Austria–Hungary  - 1867 Compromise 29 May 1867  - Established 1868  - Joined the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 29 October 1918 Area  - 1910 42,541 km² (16,425 sq mi) Population  - 1880 est. 1,892,499   - 1910 est. 2,621,954       Density 61.6 /km²  (159.6 /sq mi) Currency Gulden (up to 1892) Krone (from 1892) Area source:[5] Population source:[6]

Croatia-Slavonia within Austria-Hungary (number 17)

The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia or Croatia and Slavonia (Serbo-Croatian, Croatian: Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija; Hungarian: Horvát-Szlavón Királyság; German: Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien) was an autonomous kingdom within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was part of the Hungarian Kingdom within the dual Austro-Hungarian state, being within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen or Transleithania. The kingdom was ruled by the Habsburg King-Emperor of Austria-Hungary (Kaiser und König), under his title as King of Hungary. The monarch's title was "King of Croatia and Slavonia". The King's appointed steward was the Ban of Croatia and Slavonia.

The kingdom pressed its claim on the Kingdom of Dalmatia under the title the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia within the Hungarian part of the monarchy, which was also a historic name for a Croatian Kingdom. Dalmatia was a Kronland within the imperial Austrian part of Austria-Hungary (also known as Cisleithania). The claim was, for most of the time, supported by the Hungarian government which backed Croatia-Slavonia in an effort to increase its share of the dual state. The union between the two primarily Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary never took place however.^[7] According to the Article 53 of the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement, that governed Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary, ban's official title was "Ban of Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia".^[8][9]

[edit] History

Ivan Mažuranić, Ban (viceroy) of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (in office 1873-1880)

The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was created in 1868, when the former kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were joined into one single kingdom. The Croatian parliament elected in a questionable manner, confirmed the subordination of Croatia-Slavonia to Hungary in 1868 with signing of Hungarian-Croatian union constitution called the Nagodba.^[10] This kingdom included parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia (eastern part of Syrmia).

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 the only remaining open question of the new state was the status of Croatia, which would be solved with the Hungarian-Croatian compromise of 1868 when agreement was reached between the Parliament of Hungary on one hand and the Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia on the other hand, with regard to the composition by a joint enactment of the constitutional questions at issue between them.^[8]

With this compromise the parliament of personal union (in which Croatia-Slavonia had only twenty-nine deputies) controlled the military, the financial system, legislation and administration, Sea Law, Commercial Law, the law of Bills of Exchange and Mining Law, and generally matters of commerce, customs, telegraphs, Post Office, railways, harbors, shipping, and those roads and rivers which jointly concern Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia.^[8]

Similarly to these affairs, trade matters including hawking, likewise with regard to societies which do not exist for public gain, and also with regard to passports, frontier police, citizenship and naturalization, the legislation was joint, but the executive in respect of these affairs was reserved to Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.^[8] In the end, fifty-five per cent of the total income of Croatia-Slavonia were assigned to the Joint Treasury.

The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia held independent elections for Croatian Parliament in 1865, 1867, 1871, 1872, 1878, 1881, 1883, 1884, 1887, 1892, 1897, 1901, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1911, 1913.

The kingdom existed until 1918 when it joined the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The new Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banate.

[edit] Political status

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise (Ausgleich) of 1867 created the Dual Monarchy. Under the Compromise, Austria and Hungary each had separate parliaments that passed and maintained separate laws. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "common monarchy" consisted of the emperor-king and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance in Vienna. The Compromis confirmed Croatia-Slavonia's historic, eight-centuries-old relationship with Hungary and perpetuated the devision of the Croat lands, for boths Dalmatia and Istria remained under Austrian administration.^[11]

At Franz Joseph's insistence, Hungary and Croatia reached the Compromise (or Nagodba)) in 1868, giving the Croats a special status in Hungary. The agreement granted the Croats autonomy over their internal affairs. The Croatian ban would now be nominated by the Hungarian prime minister and appointed by the king. Areas of "common" concern to Hungarians and Croats included finance, currency matters, commercial policy, the post office, and the railroad. Croatian became the official language of Croatia's government, and Croatian representatives discussing "common" affairs before the Hungarian diet were permitted to speak Croatian.^[12]

Although the Nagodba provided a mesures of political autonomy to Croatia-Slavonia, it was subordinated politically and economically to Hungary.^[11]

[edit] Autonomous Government

The Autonomous Government or Land Government (Croatian: Zemaljska vlada), established in 1868 with seat in Zagreb, until 1914 it possesed three departments:

• Department for internal affairs (Croatian: Odjela za unutarnje poslove);
• Department for religion and education (Croatian: Odjel za bogoštovlje i nastavu);
• Department for justice (Croatian: Odjel za pravosuđe).

In 1914 a fourth department was added for national economy (Croatian: Odjel za narodno gospodarstvo).^[11]

At the head of the Autonomous Government in Croatia-Slavonia stood the Ban, who was responsible to the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Diet.^[13]

[edit] Ban (viceroy)

The Ban was appointed by the King, on the proposal and under the counter-signature of the Joint Hungarian minister-president.^[13]

List of bans (viceroys) from 1868 until 1918:

• Levin Rauch 1868 - 1871
• Koloman Bedeković 1871 - 1872
• Ivan Mažuranić 1873 - 1880
• Ladislav Pejačević 1880 - 1883
• Dragutin Khuen-Héderváry 1883 - 1903
• Teodor Pejačević 1903 - 1907
• Aleksandar Rakodczay 1907 - 1908
• Pavao Rauch 1908 - 1910
• Nikola Tomašić 1910 - 1912
• Slavko Cuvaj 1912 - 1913
• Ivan Skerlecz 1913 - 1917
• Antun Mihalović 1917 - 1918

[edit] Counties

Counties of Croatia-Slavonia within the Kingdom of Hungary

In November 1874, under Croatian ban Ivan Mažuranić, Croatia-Slavonia was divided into eight counties (known as comitatus):^[14]

1. Modruš-Rijeka County
2. Zagreb County
3. Varaždin County
4. Bjelovar-Križevci County
5. Virovitica County
6. Požega County
7. Srijem County
8. Lika-Krbava County

Lika-Krbava became a county after the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier into Croatia-Slavonia in 1881.^[14]

[edit] Symbols

Civil flag of Croatia-Slavonia

Coat of Arms of Triune Kingdom on the building of the Parliament of Croatia

According to the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement in 1868:

Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia can, within their own frontiers in their internal affairs, use their own combined colours and coat of arms, the latter, however, being surmounted by the Crown of St. Stephen.(Art. 61) The emblem of the Joint Affairs of the territories of the Hungarian Crown is formed by the combined arms of Hungary and of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. (Art. 62) At times when Joint Affairs are being debated, the combined Croatian-Slavonia-Dalmatian flag is to be hoisted beside the Hungarian flag, upon the building in which the Joint Parliament of the territories of the Hungarian Crown is being held. (Art. 63)^[15][16]

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Nationality

In the 1910 census, the total population numbered 2,621,954, of the following nationalities:^[17]

• Croats: 1,638,354 (62.5%)
• Serbs: 644,955 (24.6%)
• Germans: 134,078 (5%)
• Hungarians: 105,948 (4.1%)
• Others: 98,619 (3.8%)

[edit] Religion

Data taken from the 1910 census.^[17]

• Roman Catholic: 1,877,833
• Christian Orthodox: 653,184
• Protestant: 51,707
• Uniate: 17,592

[edit] Literacy

In the 1910 census, the illiteracy rates were as follows:^[18]

• Males: 38.2%
• Females: 53.7%
• Total: 46.2%

[edit] Legacy

In 1918, during last days of World War I, Croatian parliament abolished the Hungarian-Croatian personal union, and both parts of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and the Kingdom of Dalmatia (excluding Zadar and Lastovo), became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which together with the Kingdom of Serbia, formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). The new Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banovina, and most of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia became part of the Littoral Banovina.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Biondich, Mark (2000). Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the Politics of Mass Mobilization. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802082947.

[edit] External links

Croatia portal

Austria-Hungary portal

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