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Model Resolutions - Resolution on protecting due process rights aapsonline.org |
In kinetic resolution, two enantiomers show different reaction rates in a chemical reaction, thereby creating an excess of the less reactive enantiomer.[1] This excess goes through a maximum and disappears on full completion of the reaction. Kinetic resolution is a very old concept in organic chemistry and can be used in the organic synthesis of chiral molecules. It has been surpassed by other methods. Kinetic resolution was first observed by Marckwald and McKenzie in 1899[2] in the esterification reaction of racemic mandelic acid with optically active (-)-menthol to a pair of diastereomeric esters. In this reaction. the (R)-enantiomer of mandelic acid displays the higher reaction rate and, with incomplete conversion, the reaction mixture becomes enriched in (S)-mandelic acid. Full hydrolysis of the incomplete esterification mixture gives an excess of (R)-mandelic acid. Taking the reaction to 100% completion will again produce equal amounts of both esters.
[edit] Dynamic kinetic resolutionAn important extension of kinetic resolution is called dynamic kinetic resolution, or DKR for short. It tackles the obvious drawbacks of the above-described system, namely that the maximum conversion in the reaction is only 50% and that the product has to be separated from the reactants. In DKR, it is possible to convert the achiral reactant with 100% completion because both (reactant) enantiomers engage in a chemical equilibrium and exchange. In this way, the faster-reacting enantiomer is replenished in the course of the reaction at the expense of the slower-reacting enantiomer. The observed dynamics are based on the Curtin-Hammett principle. In order to distinguish this process from classic resolution (which strictly speaking it is not), the term dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) has been introduced [3]. One of the earliest demonstrations of this method[4] is an adaptation of the Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation by Ryoji Noyori: The enantiomers interconvert through their common enol. The ultimate reaction product is the protected syn adduct l-threonine (2S,3R) with 99% diastereomeric excess (preference for the syn diastereomeric pair and not the anti pair) and 99% enantiomeric excess (preference for 3R product within the syn pair). One study examined the biocatalytic acetylation of a racemic 8-aminotetrahydroquinoline 1 with Candida antarctica[5] Lipase B: The enzyme only converts the R-enantiomer and, in regular kinetic resolution, a 50:50 mixture of retained (S)-amine 2 and (R)-acetamide 3 is obtained. However, the amine is racemized, thus increasing the yield of the acetamide beyond 50% and turning the process into a DKR one. The compound believed to be responsible for the racemization path is the ketone A, formed in catalytic quantities from the amine by action of the same enzyme and a catalytic amount of water. The ketone is able to form the racemic enamine 3 which can be hydrolyzed back to the amine. In a second manifestation of the DKR method, both enantiomers of a racemic pair form a prochiral intermediate or a meso compound. An example is the allylic asymmetric alkylation depicted below, which proceeds through a pseudo-meso palladium-allyl complex[3] [6]. [edit] Mutual and Parallel Kinetic ResolutionMutual kinetic resolution (MKR) is the reaction between two sets of racemic compounds via a kinetic pathway. The reason that this kinetic resolution to be described as a "mutual" kinetic resolution is because of the mutual reaction between the two sets of racemates. Parallel kinetic resolution (PKR) is much the same as mutual kinetic resolution except that, instead of using two sets of racemates, only one set of racemates is used and resolved using a pseudo-enantiomeric mixture of reagents. [edit] References
[edit] Further reading
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