Juan José Pérez Hernández (ca. 1725-November 3, 1775), often simply Juan Pérez (born Joan Perés^[1]), was an 18th century Spanish explorer. He was the first European to sight, examine, name, and record the pen islands near present-day British Columbia, Canada. Born in Majorca, Spain, he served as a pilot on ships en route to the Philippines from the American continent. In 1768, he was assigned to San Blas, Mexico and acquired the rank of ensign (alférez).

[edit] Background

The Spanish claim to Alaska and the Pacific Northwest had dated back to a 1493 papal bull (Inter caetera) and rights contained in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas; these two formal acts gave Spain the exclusive rights to colonize all of the Western Hemisphere (excluding Brazil), including the exclusive rights to colonize all of the west coast of North America. The first European expedition to actually reach the west coast of North America was led by the Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa, which achieved the Pacific coast of Panama in 1513. Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean for the Spanish Crown, as well as the lands touching it, including all of the west coast of North America. This action of Balboa further solidified the Spanish claim of exclusive control over the entire west coast of North America.

Confident of their claims, the Spanish Empire did not explore or settle the northwest coast of North America in the 250 years after Balboa's claim. By the late 1700s; however, learning of Russian and British arrivals along the Pacific coast, Spain finally grew sufficiently concerned about their claims to the Pacific Northwest and set out to learn the extent of the Russian and British encroachment.

In late 1774, the viceroy of New Spain, Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa, commanded Pérez to explore the Pacific coast with the objective of reaching 60° north latitude (about the latitude of today's Cordova, Alaska) to discover possible Russian settlements and to re-assert the long-standing Spanish claim to the Pacific Northwest. Rumors of Russian fur traders caused the Spanish to send the frigate Santiago north under the command of Pérez, crewed mostly by Mexicans. Interestingly, Pérez was given explicit instructions to treat all natives with respect, and to establish friendly relations with any natives encountered.^[2]

In July 1774, he reached 54°40' north latitude, just off the northwestern tip of Langara Island, one of the Queen Charlotte Islands. There he had an interaction with a group of Haida natives, but he did not go ashore. Due to a lack of provisions and the poor health of his crew, Pérez turned south at this point despite the viceroy's orders to attain 60° north. He reached Nootka Sound on August 7, 1774 (at about 49.6° north latitude), part of today's Vancouver Island and had an extended set of interactions with the natives, including the first trade of trade goods. Again, he did not go ashore, this time because of bad weather that almost ran his ship aground.

Pérez was accompanied by Fray Juan Crespi and Fr. Tomás de la Peña Suria (or Savaria). Suria executed a number of drawings which today serve as invaluable records of Tlingit life in the precolonial period.^[2]

Pérez also gave the name of Cerro Nevado de Santa Rosalía ("Snowy Peak of St. Rosalia") to Mount Olympus in the State of Washington.^[2]

Pérez continued on to Monterey which he reached on August 28, 1774. After a brief stay, he continued south and reached San Blas on November 5, 1774, thus completing his expedition.

Balboa did not reach the North American coast, he discovered the South American coast.

[edit] Notes

[edit] External links

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• History Link.org: Spanish Exploration: Juan Perez Expedition of 1774 -- First European Discovery and Exploration of Washington State Coast and Nueva Galicia (the Pacific Northwest)
• Explorer biographies
• Langara Island