Saint Josephine Bakhita
Josephine Bakhita, Institute of the Daughters of the Canossian charity
Born	1869(date unknown), Olgossa, Darfur, Sudan
Died	8 February 1947 ijn Italy, Italy
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church
Beatified	17 May 1992 by Pope John Paul II
Canonized	1 October 2000, Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome, by Pope John Paul II
Feast	8 February
Patronage	Sudan

Josephine Bakhita (1869 – February 8, 1947) was a Roman Catholic nun of African origin, who lived and ministered in Italy for 45 years. In October, 2000, she was declared a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Life as a Slave 3 Conversion 4 Freedom 5 Nun 6 Illness and Death 7 Legacy and Canonization 8 Quotation 9 References 10 Notes

[edit] Early life

Bakhita was born to a locally important family in Olgossa, a village in the western Sudanese region of Darfur. Her father was the brother of a tribal chief. At the age of 12 she was kidnapped by Arab slave traders^{[citation needed]} and over the course of the next eight years was sold and resold five times in the markets of El Obeid and Khartoum^{[citation needed]}. The trauma of her abduction caused her to forget her own name, and the name we know her by is a compound of the name given her by the slavers (bakhita, the Arabic word for lucky) and the Christian name she took in adulthood^{[citation needed]} She was also forcibly converted to Islam.^[1]

[edit] Life as a Slave

Bakhita suffered much brutality during her captivity. On one occasion, one of her owner's sons beat her so severely that she spent a month unable to move from a straw bed. She later recalled that her most terrifying memory was of her fourth owner, an Ottoman Army officer, having her (in common with all his other slaves) marked as "his" by a process resembling both scarification and tattooing. Her memoirs, written in Italian many years later, recall that a dish of white flour, a dish of salt and a blade were brought by a woman, who drew patterns on her skin and then cut deeply along the lines before filling the wounds with salt and flour to ensure permanent scarring. More than sixty patterns were cut into her breasts, belly, and arms.^[2]

[edit] Conversion

Her final owner was an Italian diplomat, Callisto Legnani. He and his friend, Augusto Michieli, brought her to Italy. She became nanny to the Michieli's daughter, Mimmina. In 1888 or 1889 Bakhita and Mimmina were left in the custody of the Canossian Sisters in Venice while the Michielis moved to the Red Sea on business. In 1890 she was baptised.

[edit] Freedom

When the Michielis returned to collect her and their daughter, Bakhita did not want to leave. Mrs. Michieli tried to force the issue, but the superior of the school that Bakhita and Miss Mimmina had attended in Venice complained to the authorities. An Italian court ruled that since Sudan had outlawed slavery before Bakhita's birth, and since in any case Italian law did not recognize slavery, Bakhita had never in fact been a slave. Bakhita had now reached the age of maturity, and she found herself in control of her own destiny for the first time in her life. She chose to remain with the Canossians.

[edit] Nun

In 1896 she joined the sisters permanently, and, in 1902, she was assigned to a house in Schio ^[3] in the northern Italian province of Vicenza, where she spent the rest of her life. Her only extended time away from Schio was between 1935 and 1938, a period she spent in helping prepare young sisters for work in Africa.

During her 45 years in Schio, Josephine was usually employed as portress (door keeper) of her house, and so was in frequent contact with the local community. Her gentleness, calming voice, and ever-present smile became well known and Vicenzans still refer to her as la nostra madre moretta ("our little brown mother"). Her special charisma and reputation for sanctity were noticed by her order, and she was instructed to publish her memoirs and to give talks about her experiences; these made her famous throughout Italy. Her last years were marked by pain and sickness, but she retained her cheerfulness, and if asked how she was, would always smile and answer "as the Master desires".

[edit] Illness and Death

In the extremity of her last days her mind was driven back to the years of her slavery and in her delirium she would cry out "Please, loosen the chains ... they are so heavy". Josephine died on February 8, 1947. For three days her body lay on display while thousands of people arrived to pay their respects.

[edit] Legacy and Canonization

The calls for her canonization began immediately, and the process began in 1959, only twelve years after her death. On December 1, 1978, Pope John Paul II declared Josephine Venerabilis, the first step towards canonization. On May 17, 1992, she was declared Blessed and given February 8 as her feast day. On October 1, 2000, she was canonized and became Saint Josephine Bakhita. She is venerated as a modern African saint, and as a saint with a special relevance to slavery and oppression. She has been adopted as the patron saint of Sudan.

[edit] Quotation

“

It was Mary Most Holy who freed her from all pain. Her last words were: “Our Lady! Our Lady!”, and her final smile testified to her encounter with the Mother of the Lord.

”

^[4]

[edit] References

• Biography from the Vatican website: English French Italian Portuguese
• A short biography from Patron Saints Index
• A longer biography from afrol.com
• A brief biography in Pope Benedict XVI's encyclical Spe Salvi, paragraph 3
• Canossian Daughters of Charity
• Canossian School
• Film on Bakhita directed by Giacomo Campiotti, scored by Stefano Lentini
• Bakhita Soundtrack by Stefano Lentini

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Hutchison, Robert A. (1999). Their Kingdom Come: Inside the Secret World of Opus Dei. St. Martin's Press. p. 7. ISBN 0312193440.  - Sister Josephine Bakhita had been converted by force to Islam and then, freedom restored, had chosen Christianity.
2. ^ Biography from Afrol.com
3. ^ Google map of Schio
4. ^ Biography from the Vatican Website