J. Marion Sims, born James Marion Sims (January 25, 1813 – November 13, 1883) was a surgical pioneer, considered the father of American gynecology.^[1] Modern historians argue about his legacy as Sims used slaves as experimental subjects.^[2]

Contents 1 Early career 2 Repair of vesicovaginal fistula 3 New York and Europe 4 Contributions 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Early career

Sims was born in Hanging Rock, South Carolina, son of John and Mahala Mackey Sims. Sims's family spent the first twelve years of his life in the Heath Springs area of Lancaster county. He would later write entertainingly of his early school days, but recalled one occasion when he had to be saved from drowning by fourteen-year-old Arthur Ingram, who lived south of Hanging Rock Creek.

His father, John Sims, was elected sheriff of Lancaster County in 1825 and thereafter took up residence in Lancaster, where the boy, Marion, entered Franklin Academy.

After two years of study at the South Carolina College in Columbia, Sims worked with Dr.Churchill Jones in Lancaster, South Carolina, and took a 3-months course at the Medical College of Charleston. He then moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and enrolled at the Jefferson Medical College where he graduated in 1835. He returned to Lancaster to practice, but after the death of his first two patients moved to Alabama.

He returned to Lancaster in 1836 to marry Theresa Jones, the daughter of Dr. Barlett Jones, with whom he had fallen in love while studying at South Carolina College in Columbia. They would return to Alabama together, where in 1845, Marion Sims established a private hospital for women.

[edit] Repair of vesicovaginal fistula

Women with vesicovaginal fistulas - usually the result of traumatic labor - were, in those days, social outcasts. No cure was available. In Montgomery, Alabama, Sims treated three Alabamian slave women - Anarcha, Betsy, and Lucy - all of whom may have been suffering from fistula problems, to develop new techniques to repair this condition.^[2] From 1845 to 1849 he experimented on them, operating on one of them 30 times (it remains unclear if this was necessary due to stitching failure, or if Sims did it deliberately). Although anesthesia had recently become available it was rarely used as yet; whatever the reason, we know he did not use it on the slave women.^[1][2] After the extensive experiments and difficulties, Sims finally perfected his technique and repaired the fistulas successfully in Anarcha. He then repaired several other slave women.^[3]. It was only after the success of the early experiments on the slaves that Sims attempted the procedure on Caucasian women with fistulas, this time with anesthesia.

These experiments set the stage for modern vaginal surgery. Sims devised instruments including the Sims' speculum to gain proper exposure.^[1] A rectal examination position where a patient is on the left side with the right knee flexed against the abdomen and the left knee slightly flexed is also named after him as Sim's position. He insisted on cleanliness. His technique using silver-wire sutures led to successful repair of a fistula, and this was reported in 1852.

[edit] New York and Europe

Sims moved to New York in 1853 because of his health and determined to focus on diseases of women. In 1855 he founded the Woman's Hospital, first hospital for women in America. In 1862, during the American Civil War, he moved to Europe, and worked primarily in London and Paris, and from 1863 to 1866, served as surgeon to Empress Eugénie. Honors and medals were heaped upon him for his successful operations in many countries. Under the patronage of Napoleon III, he organized the American-Anglo Ambulance Corps that treated wounded soldiers from both sides at the battle of Sedan.^[3]

In 1871 Sims returned to New York, and after quarreling with the board of the Woman's Hospital over the admission of cancer patients (which he favored), went on to found a new hospital, later to evolve into the Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases.

He was planning a return visit to Europe when he died of a heart attack on November 13, 1883 in New York. His bronze statue by Ferdinand von Miller the younger, depicting Sims in surgical wear^[4] can be found on the peripheral wall of Central Park, at Fifth Avenue and 103rd Street, opposite the New York Academy of Medicine. This is the first statue in the United States depicting a physician.^[3] Another memorial is on the grounds of the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery. Sims was inducted into the Alabama Hall of Fame in 1953.

Sims was elected to be President of the American Medical Association in 1875 and of the American Gynecological Society in 1879.

[edit] Contributions

• Vaginal surgery: fistula repair.
• Instrumentation: Sims' speculum; Sims' sigmoid catheter.
• Surgical positioning: Sim's position.
• Fertility treatment: Insemination and Postcoital test.
• Cancer care: Sims argued for the admission of cancer patients to the Woman's Hospital, a position that was fought as many believed the condition to be contagious.
• Abdominal surgery: Sims advocated that in the case of an abdominal bullet wound a laparotomy was needed to stop bleeding, repair the damage and drain the wound. Thus his opinion was sought when President James Garfield was shot and transmitted by telegram from Paris. Sims' recommendations gained acceptance after his death.^[3]
• Gallbladder surgery: In 1878 Sims drained a distended gallbladder and removed its stones. He published the case believing it was the first of its kind, however, a similar case was reported in Indianapolis in 1867.^[3]

[edit] References

He also killed hundreds of African American females and infants while trying to do experiments where he had a zero percent success rate. (This is an unverified allegation)

[edit] External links

• J. Marion Sims article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
•  "Sims, James Marion". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.