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The United Left (Spanish: Izquierda Unida, IU) is a political coalition that was organized in 1986 as several political organisations opposed Spain joining NATO. It was formed by a number groups of leftists, greens, left-wing socialists and republicans, but was dominated by the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). The left-wing Carlist Party and Humanist Party were also founding members of the coalition but they parted ways in 1987.  After the electoral fall of the PCE in 1982 (from 10% to 3%), IU slowly improved its results reaching 9% in 1993 (1,800,000 votes) and nearly 11% in 1996 (2,600,000 votes). From 1999 it went into decline, with its support slipping to 5% in 2000. In that election it signed a pact with the Socialist Party (PSOE). From 1986 to 2001, its leader was the general secretary of the PCE, Julio Anguita. From 2001 to 2008 was Gaspar Llamazares who resigned following poor election results in 2008. From 2008 on it has been Cayo Lara. IU has an important support base in Andalusia, Madrid and Asturias, following the communist base of the PCE. Following the tradition of the Spanish left since the formation of PSUC in 1936 (as communists and socialists joined forces in Catalunya), IU doesn't have any organization of its own in Catalonia. Until 1998 the referent of IU in Catalonia was Initiative for Catalonia (Iniciativa per Catalunya, now known as IC-V). But IC eventually broke relations with IU. A split in PSUC followed and a new Catalonian alliance, United and Alternative Left (Esquerra Unida i Alternativa, EUiA) was formed as the new Catalonian referent of IU.  IU contested the Spanish general election, 2008 in coalition with IC-V. The coalition got 963,040 votes (3.8%) and 2 MPs (one of them by IC-V), its worst ever result. The provincial district distribution and the D'Hondt method, which regulates the allocation of seats in the Spanish Congress, favour the main lists in each electoral district. Since IU lists usually finish in third place or lower in each district, their share of seats in the Congress has usually been lower than their share of votes. IU officially has around 70,000 activists[citation needed] and more than 2,500 councillors. [edit] Federations of IU
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