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The Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana) was a short-lived (1802-1805) republic, located in Northern Italy. It was a vassal state of the First French Republic of Napoleon.
[edit] The republic The Italian Republic was the successor of the Cisalpine Republic, which changed its constitution to allow the French First Consul Napoleon to become its president. The new constitution changed the name to the Italian Republic, which therefore consisted of the same areas that had comprised the Cisalpine Republic, primarily Lombardy and Romagna. The republic had a territory of more than 42,500 square kilometers (16,000 square miles), and a population of 3,240,000 in 12 départements. Milan was the capital city, the main center having 124,000 inhabitants in 1764. The country was prosperous despite the spoilings made by occupants in the past centuries. Its economy was based on a cereal agriculture and cattling, plus a flourishing small industry, notably the production of silk. The flag of the Italian Republic maintained the three Italian-Milanese national colours, but with a new, less revolutionary, pattern. The coat of arms was defined with a decree on May 13, 1802. A treaty of friendship and commerce with the Republic of San Marino was signed on June 10, 1802, while the Concordat with the Holy See on September 16, 1803. The government created a National Guard, a National Gendarmerie, and a Finance Police; the metric system was introduced, and a national currency planned, even if never minted during the republican era. In 1805, following Bonaparte's assumption of the title of Emperor of the French, the Italian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia), with Napoleon as king and his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as viceroy. [edit] Institutional formAccording to the Italian Constitution of 1802, the sovereignity resided in three electoral colleges of three or two hundred membres: the College of Owners, the College of Scholars, and the College of Traders, the first having seat in Milan, the second in Bologna, and the third in Brescia. All the colleges elected a commission of control and supreme rule, the Censorship, composed by twenty one members seating in Cremona.  The leader of the State was the President of the Republic, Napoleon Bonaparte, elected for 10 years. The President had the full responsability of the executive power, appointed the Vice-President and the Secretary of State, had the legislative and diplomatic initiative, choosed the ministers, public agents, ambassadors, and chiefs of the army, summoned the executive councils, and prepared the budget. The Vice-President, Francesco Melzi d'Eril, was irrevocable and acted for the President during his absence. Melzi was described as a gentleman, and effectively ruled the domestic affairs during the three years of the republic's life. Never submitted to Napoleon, Melzi will be demobed after the monarchy's proclamation in favour of more conditionable men; however, Melzi's character ensured him the Napoleon's deep private respect during all the years of the empire. Melzi also introduced the obligatory conscription in Italy. The Consulta was a commission of eight members, leaded by the President of the Republic, which had the direction of the foreign policy. The commissioners were appointed by the Censorship over nominations of the three Colleges: many former members of the Cisalpine Directory entered in the office. The Consulta ratified the treaties, approved eventual special decrees about the State's security, and in event of death or resignation of the President, it would appoint the successor. The Minister of Foreign Affairs was chosen between the commissioners. The Legislative Council was a commission of at least ten members appointed by the President for three years. Its mission was to allow the President to submit projects of laws, helping him in their elaboration and attending during their discussion in the parliament. The Secretary of State was the chief of the public administration. He promulgated the laws, kept the State's seal, and countersigned the presidential acts. The first Secretary was Diego Guicciardi, soon followed by Pellegrino Nobili and, finally, by Luigi Vaccari. The government comprised seven ministers. Minister of War was at first Alessandro Trivulzi and then, from 1804, General Domenico Pino; Minister of Interior was at first Luigi Villa and then, from 1803, Daniele Felici; Minister for Foreign Affairs was Ferdinando Marescalchi; Minister of Justice and Great Judge was Bonaventura Spannocchi; Minister of Treasury was Antonio Veneri; Minister of Finance was Giuseppe Prina; Minister of Religion was Giovanni Bovara. Writing its budgets, the government was helped by a Commissionership for National Accountancy. The parliament of the republic was the Legislative Body, with limited powers. It was composed by 75 members elected in each department by the three Colleges. It was summoned by the President of the Republic and it can only approve or reject a law, the discussion being reserved to a more restricted commettee of fifteen Speakers. Firstly appointed by the Meetings of Lyon, it had to be renewed by a third every two years. The tribunals were divided into Tribunals of First Instance, Courts of Appeal, Courts of Revision, and a Court of Cassation. The judges of the first two were appointed by the Consulta, the latter two by the three Colleges. [edit] Local administrationThe state was divided, following the French system, in 12 départements. The chief of the department was the prefect, an office created on May 6, 1802. The prefect was the State's representative in each province, and had two main functions: the first was to improve the administrative decisions of the central government and to control the local authorities, the second was the leadership of the police. The local legislative body was the General Council, composed by the representatives of the communes. The government appointed the Central Departmental Administration, composed of five or seven members chosen between the nominations submitted by the General Council: the Administrations had powers over taxes and public works and, generally, had the representation of the local interests. The departments were divided in districts, equivalent to the French arrondissements. The chief of the district was the vice-prefect, which had similar powers to the prefect, but over a smaller area. However, the structure of the districts wasn't uniform over all the territory of the republic, and some districts were administrated by a District Council and a Chancellor. The districts were divided in communes. The communes with more than 3,000 inhabitants had a City Council (Consiglio Comunale) of thirty or forty members, chosen by the General Council between the nominations submitted by the same City Council. In the smaller communes, all the taxable citizens were councillors. The Council elected the Municipality of three to nine members, helped in its executive functions by a City Secretary. All the city offices were hold only by owners and traders, and the leadership of the owners was assured. Each commune had a Tax Collector. [edit] List of departments and districts
[edit] Sources[edit] See also
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