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Resolution Highway: A Solution for Israel and Palestine boltemedical.com | United Nations worldchiropracticalliance... | United Nations Population Fund pilgrimshoresobgyn.com | Economic and Social Council of the United... dianova.ca |
Issues relating to the state of Israel, the Palestinian people and other aspects of the Arab-Israeli conflict occupy a large amount of debate time, resolutions and resources at the United Nations. The adoption of UNSCOP's recommendation to partition Palestine by the United Nations General Assembly in 1947[1] was one of the earliest decisions of the UN. Since then, it maintained a central role in this region, especially by providing support for Palestinian refugees via the UNRWA and by providing a platform for Palestinian political claims via the CEIRPP, the UNDPR, the SCIIP, the UNISPAL and the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People. The UN has sponsored several peace negotiations between the parties, the latest being the 2002 Road map for peace. In recent years, the Middle East was the subject of 76% of country-specific UNGA resolutions, 100% of the Human Rights Council resolutions, 100% of the Commission on the Status of Women resolutions, 50% of reports from the World Food Program, 6% of Security Council resolutions and 6 of the 10 Emergency sessions. Of note is Resolution 3379 (1975) stating that "zionism is racism"; it was rescinded in 1991. These decisions, passed with the support of the OIC countries, invariably criticize Israel for its treatment of Palestinians. Many[2] have qualified this degree of criticism as excessive. In particular, the UNHRC was widely criticized in 2007 for failing to condemn other human rights abusers besides Israel.[3] The United States has been criticized as well as supported for vetoing most UNSC decisions critical of Israel on the basis of their biased language, the so-called Negroponte doctrine. Since 1961, Israel has been barred from the Asia regional group. In 2000, it was offered limited membership the Western European and Others WEOG group. The UNRWA has been accused of perpetuating the plight of Palestinian refugees. Although the UN condemns antisemitism, it has been accused of tolerating antisemitic remarks within its walls. Some argue that disproportional criticism of Israel constitutes a new form of antisemitism. UN personnel have been accused of participating directly in the armed conflict, and Israel of targeting UN personnel. [edit] Historical overview[edit] The early years
 The idea of a Jewish national home in Palestine received its first international support within the 1922 text of the creation of the British mandate of Palestine by the League of nations. In it,
The UNSCOP was mandated to the region in 1947 by the newly-created United Nations. In its final report, the Commission recommended the partition of Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab state and a UN-controlled territory (Corpus separatum) around Jerusalem[5] This partition plan was adopted on November 29, 1947 with UN GA Resolution 181, 33 votes in favor, 13 against, and 10 abstentions. The vote itself, which required a two-third majority, was a very dramatic affair and led to celebrations in the streets of Jewish cities.[6] It also led to anti-Jewish riots in Arab countries, especially Syria and Yemen.[7][8] Resolution 181 laid a foundation within international law and diplomacy[9] for the creation of the state of Israel; as it was the first formal recognition by an international body of the legitimacy of a Jewish state, to exist within a partition of the territory along with an Arab state. Israel's declaration of independence soon followed on May 14, 1948, the Nakba Day for Palestinians. Resolution 181 also laid the foundation for the creation of an Arab state but its neighbour states and the Arab League, which rejected all attempts at the creation of a Jewish state, and rejected the plan. In a statement from the Arab League on May 15, 1948,
The same day, five Arab states invaded and rapidly occupied much of the Arab portion of the partition plan. This war changed the dynamic of the region, transforming a two-state plan into a war between Israel and the Arab world. During this 1948 Arab-Israeli War, resolution 194 reiterated the UN's claim on Jerusalem and resolved in paragraph 11:
This resolution, accepted immediately by Israel, is the major legal foundation of the Palestinian right of return claim, a major point in peace negotiations. Resolution 194 also called for the creation of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine. The Arab states initially opposed this resolution, but within a few months, began to change their position, and became the strongest advocates of its refugee and territorial provisions.[11]  Folke Bernadotte was appointed the UN mediator in Palestine, the first official mediator in UN history. He succeeded in achieving a truce in May-June 1948 during which the British evacuated Palestine. He proposed two alternate partition plans, the second calling for a reduction in the size of the Jewish state and loss of sovereignty over the harbour city of Haifa. Both were rejected. The Zionist group Lehi assassinated him and his aide, UN observer Colonel André Serot on September 17, 1948. Bernadotte was succeeded by Ralph Bunche, who was successful in bringing about the signing of the 1949 Armistice Agreements, for which he would later receive the Nobel Peace Prize. In the aftermath of the 1948 war, and conditional on Israel’s acceptance and implementation of resolutions 181 and 194, the UN General Assembly voted, with the May 11, 1949 Resolution 273 (III), to admit Israel to UN membership as a "peace-loving country". This resolution reiterated the demands for UN control over Jerusalem and for the return of Palestinian refugees. The vote for resolution 273 was held during the five month long Lausanne conference, organized by the UN to reconcile the parties. This conference was largely a failure but was noteworthy as the first proposal by Israel to establish the 1949 armistice line between the Israeli and Arab armies, the so-called green line, as the border of the Jewish state. This line has acquired an after-the-fact international sanction.[12][13][14] Following the failure at Lausanne to settle the problem of the Arab refugees, the UNRWA was created with the December 1949 resolution 302 (IV)) to provide humanitarian aid to this group. Israel voted in favor. No aid was to be provided to the Jews who were displaced during the same war, nor to the millions of Jewish refugees from European and Arab countries who were already pouring into the Jewish state. The Conciliation Commission for Palestine published its report in October 1950.[15] It is noteworthy as the source of the official number of Palestinian Arab refugees (711,000). It again reiterated the demands for UN control over Jerusalem and for the return of Palestinian refugees. [edit] 1950 to 1970  After the failure of early attempts at resolution, and until 1967, discussion of Israel and Palestine was not as prominent at the UN. Exceptions included border incidents like the Qibya massacre, the passage of Security Council Resolution 95 supporting Israel's position over Egypt's on usage of the Suez Canal, and most prominently the 1956 Suez Crisis which caused extended Security Council and General Assembly debate and the creation of the first UN peacekeeping force, the UNEF. During most of this period, the Soviet veto prevented the passage of a number of Security Council draft resolutions criticizing actions by Arab states and forces against Israel. In 1961, the regional groups were created at the UN. From the onset, Arab countries blocked the entry of Israel to the Asia group. See below. After months of debate in the Security Council and General Assembly before, during and after the 1967 Six-day war,[16] United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 was passed. It became a universally accepted basis for Arab-Israeli and later, Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations. In it, the Land for peace principle was spelled out. This resolution is one of the most discussed, both within and outside of the UN. November 1967, Gunnar Jarring was appointed as the UN special envoy for the Middle East peace process. The so-called Jarring Mission was unsuccessful. The Six-day war generated a new wave of Palestinian refugees who could not be included in the original UNRWA definition. Since 1991, the GA adopts a yearly resolution allowing the 1967 refugees within the UNRWA mandate. In 1968, the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People was created to investigate Jewish settlements on Palestinian territories. It generates yearly GA resolutions and other documents. [edit] 1970 to 1990 The Israeli-Palestinian conflict gained prominence following the emergence of Palestinian armed groups, especially the Palestine Liberation Organization and the increased political strength of the Arab group as the main suppliers of petroleum to the Western world. At the UN, the Arab group also gained the support of the Eastern bloc against Israel allied to the US. In rapid succession, several events brought the Palestinian struggle to the forefront: the 1972 Munich massacre, the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the ensuing 1973 oil crisis and, in 1975, the beginning of the Lebanese civil war. The Geneva Conference of 1973 was an attempt to negotiate a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict. No comprehensive agreement was reached, and attempts in later years to revive the Conference failed. On 13 November 1974, Yasser Arafat became the first representative of an entity other than a member state to address the General Assembly. In 1975, the PLO was granted permanent observer status at the UNGA. The Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People was created in 1975 and of the United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights in 1977. Also in 1977, the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People was first celebrated on November 29 the anniversary of resolution 181. Starting in 1974, Palestinian territories were named “Occupied Arab Territories” in UN documents. In 1982, the phrase "Occupied Palestinian Territories" became the usual name. This phrase was not used at the UN prior to 1967, when the same territories were under military occupation by Jordan and Egypt. The 1975 resolution 3379 determined “that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.” It was sponsored by 25 Arab states; 72 voted for, 35 voted against and 32 abstained. It was revoked 16 years later by resolution 4686 as a precondition for the participation of Israel to the Madrid Conference. The 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty[17] was a landmark event. Egyptian president Anwar Sadat is credited for initiating the process, following the failure of the UN-mediated peace negotiations, notably the Geneva Conference. The secret negotiations at Camp David in 1978 between Sadat, Menahem Begin and Jimmy Carter, and the treaty itself essentially bypassed UN-approved channels. The Camp David Accords (but not the Treaty itself) touch on the issue of Palestinian statehood:
The UN was critical of the accords. UNGA Resolution 34/65 (1979):
In protest, the UNGA did not renew the peace-keeping force in the Sinai peninsula, the UNEF II, despite requests by the US, Egypt and Israel, as stipulated in the treaty. To honor the treaty despite the UN’s refusal, the Multinational Force and Observers was created. To this day, the MFO operates independently of the UN. For this peace treaty, Egypt was expelled from the Arab League for a period of ten years. Between 1980 and 1988, Muslim states made yearly attempts to expel Israel from the UN GA. For example, the credentials committee received in 1985 a letter (document a/40/752), signed by 34 Muslim states and the USSR. These attempts were unsuccessful. Following the perception that their struggle was ignored by other Arab countries and the UN, the Palestinians started in 1987 the First Intifada. [edit] 1990 to todayFollowing the 1993 Oslo peace accords between Israel and the PLO, followed in 1994 by the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, the language of yearly GA resolutions was modified to reduce criticism of Israeli actions. Moreover, between 1993 and 1995 the Security Council never directly condemned Israel. During this period, the Security Council also denounced terrorism against Israel for the first time. The most central resolution passed during this warming trend toward Israel came on December 14, 1993 when 155 member states endorsed the Israel-Palestinian and the Israel-Jordan agreements and granted "full support for the achievements of the peace process so far." This resolution was the first U.N. call for Middle East peace that did not criticize Israel. In October 1993, for the first time since 1981, the Arab members of the U.N. did not challenge Israel’s seat at the GA.[19] The Palestinian National Council adopted in Algiers in 1988 the declaration of independence of the State of Palestine. The UN has not officially recognized this state but, by renaming the PLO observer as the Palestine observer (resolution 43/177.), can be seen as having done so unofficially. In July 1998, the General Assembly adopted resolution 52/250 conferring upon Palestine additional rights and privileges, including the right to participate in the general debate held at the start of each session of the GA, the right of reply, the right to co-sponsor resolutions and the right to raise points of order on Palestinian and Middle East issues. The year 2000 saw the failure of the Camp David peace negotiations and the beginning of the second intifada. During the World Conference against Racism held in Durban in 2001, the “Zionism is racism” accusation resurfaced. In 2003, the Israeli West Bank barrier became another subject of criticism. It was declared illegal by both the GA (resolution ES-10/13) and the International Court of Justice. The ICJ clarified that it is the location of the barrier, outside of the green line, that violates international law. A series of terrorist attacks in March 2002 prompted Israel to conduct Operation Defensive Shield. The fiercest episode was the battle of Jenin, where 75 died (23 IDF soldiers, 38 armed and 14 unarmed Palestinians) and 10% of the buildings destroyed. The UN send a first visiting mission. A separate fact-finding mission was mandated by the UNSC but blocked by Israel, a moved condemned with GA resolution 10/10 (May 2002)[20]. This mission was replaced by a report[21] which was widely commented in the media. Many observers noted that the UN dropped the accusations of massacre made by Palestinians during and soon after the battle, and reproduced in the annex 1 of the report. see also Battle of Jenin #Allegations of a massacre In 2003, Israel sought to gain support for a resolution of its own, the first it had introduced since 1976. The resolution called for the protection of Israeli children from terrorism. The resolution was worded to be very similar to GA resolution 58/155 (22 December 2003) titled " Situation of and assistance to Palestinian children". Israel withdrew the draft after a group of nations belonging to the Non-Aligned Movement, led by Egypt, insisted on including amendments that would have transformed the document into an anti-Israel resolution. The changes demanded were the altering all of all references to "Israeli children" to read "Middle Eastern children," and the insertion of harsh condemnation of Israeli "military assaults," "occupation" and "excessive use of force" before any mention of Arab terrorism.[22] The draft was withdrawn and never came to vote. The Israel's Representative was elected in 2005 to the symbolic position of Vice-President of the 60th UN General Assembly. The Road map for peace is, since 2002, the latest and current effort by the UN to negotiate peace in the region. This document was initially proposed by US president George W. Bush and sponsored by a quartet of the USA, Russia, the European Union and the UN. The official text is in the form of a letter to the Security Council, not a GA or SC resolution. It generated a series of changes: the sidelining of Yasser Arafat and the unilateral withdrawal of Jewish settlers and the Israeli forces from occupied territories, notably the Gaza strip. Progress is now stalled. On December 11 2007, the GA adopted a resolution on agricultural technology for development (A/C.2/62/L.23/Rev.2) sponsored by Israel.[23] The Arab group proposed a series of amendments referring to the Palestinian occupied territories, but these amendments were rejected. The Tunisian representative said: "The Arab Group was convinced that Israel was neither interested in agriculture nor the peace process."[24] This group demanded a vote on the resolution, an unusual demand for this kind of country-neutral resolution. "The representative of the United States (...) expressed disappointment with the request for a recorded vote because that could send a signal that there was no consensus on the issues at stake, which was not the case. The United States was saddened by the inappropriate injection into the agenda item of irrelevant political considerations, characterized by inflammatory remarks that devalued the importance of the United Nations agenda".[25] The resolution was approved by a recorded vote of 118 in favour to none against, with 29 abstentions. The abstentions were mainly from the Arab Group, with the notable exception of Pakistan which voted in favour.[26] [edit] Current situation In 2007, Israel was the subject of 76% of country-specific GA resolutions,[27] 36% of resolutions from the Human Rights Council[28] and 7% of the Security Council resolutions.[29] For details, see the List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel. The automatic majority enjoyed by the pro-Palestinian resolutions is described as such:
A few countries have consistently supported Israel's actions in the UN, such as the United States of America and the states of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands, both of which are associated states of the U.S. Recently Australia, under the leadership of John Howard, and Canada, under the leadership of Stephen Harper, have also supported Israel at the UN. Many European countries usually adopt a neutral stance, abstaining from the ongoing condemnations of Israel and supporting the foundation of a Palestinian state. Such countries include France, Russia, and Germany. Caroline Glick writes that "Due to the UN's unvarnished belligerence toward it, in recent years a consensus has formed in Israel that there is nothing to be gained from cooperating with this openly and dangerously hostile body".[31] [edit] Specific issues [edit] Regional GroupsThe United Nations Regional Groups were created in 1961. From the onset, the majority enjoyed by Arab countries within the Asia group allowed them to block the entry of Israel. For decades, Israel was one of the few countries without membership to a group. This prevented Israel's participation in important activities at the UN. In 2000, Israel was admitted to the WEOG, thereby enabling it to be a candidate for election to various UN bodies, but Israel's membership is limited to activities at the UN’s New York City headquarters. "Israel is an observer, but not accorded the rights of a full member in WEOG discussions and consultations at the UN offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Rome and Vienna; therefore, Israel cannot participate in UN talks on human rights, racism and a number of other issues handled in these offices.".[32][33] The Human Rights Council meets in Geneva, UNESCO in Paris. However, in December 2007, Israel was voted by WEOG to represent the grouping in consultations for two UN agencies: HABITAT, the UN Human Settlement Program, and UNEP, the UN Environment Program. Both these agencies are based in Nairobi.[34] [edit] Emergency Special SessionsMiddle East issues were the subject of six of the General Assembly's ten 'emergency special sessions'. The tenth emergency special session has, so far, spanned nine years and has become another semi-permanent committee on the question of Palestine. [edit] TerrorismThe difficulty within the UN to find a unanimous definition of the word terrorism stems in part from the inability to reach consensus over whether Palestinian political violence is a form of resistance or terrorism. The OIC countries argue that Palestinians are fighting foreign occupation.[35] From the UNODC web site,
Acts of Palestinian political violence have been repeatedly condemned in press releases from the Secretary General (e.g.,[36][37]). The text of GA resolutions does not distinguish terrorism from military operations. For example in resolution 61/25 (2006) titled "Peaceful Settlement of the Question of Palestine",
Several resolutions recognize the right of Palestinians to fight the Israeli occupation "by all available means". For example, the 2002 UNCHR resolution E/CN.4/2002/L.16 states:
Western countries who vote against these resolutions claim they condone Palestinian terrorism:
[edit] RefugeesRefugees are aided by two agencies at the UN, the UNHCR and the UNRWA. The UNRWA assists Palestinian refugees exclusively. Refugees are defined differently by these two organisations, the main difference being the inclusion of descendants and the inclusion of the 50% of refugees within the Palestinian territories which, by UNHCR criteria, are internally displaced persons.
[edit] Shebaa farms The status of seven small villages collectively known as the Shebaa farms, located near Mount Dov at the Lebanon-Syria border, is controversial.[40] Some evidences support a Syrian territory [41], others a Lebanese territory.[42] The United Nations has, so far, considered this territory as Syrian. Since the 1967 Six day war, they are part of the Syrian territories occupied by Israel. Following the 1978 Israel-Lebanon war, the UNSC accepted the report of UN-mandated cartographers stating that as of 16 June 2000 Israel has withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with resolution 425 (1978) [43] In accordance with this decision, the current map from UNIFIL shows this territory as Syrian. Hezbollah is an armed Lebanese group originally formed to repel the 1982 Israeli occupation of South Lebanon. Since 2000, it continues to fight occupation of Lebanon by Israel, using the Shebaa farms as justification.[44] Following the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war, the UN accepted at the request of the Lebanese government to re-evaluate the ownership of this territory. This promise was included in the text of UNSC resolution 1701. In August 2008, the Lebanese govt adopted Hezbollah's claim to the "right of Lebanon's people, the army and the resistance to liberate all its territories in the Shebaa Farms, Kfarshuba Hill and Ghajar".[45] A Lebanon Independent Border Assessment Team (LIBAT) was mandated by the UN but has not yet reported on this issue. [edit] Comparison with other conflictsThe following table compares the number of UN GA resolutions with the number of casualties for some of the deadlier wars of the past decade.
1 : compiled from the corresponding Wikipedia articles. When a range was given, the median was used. 2 : compiled from www.un.org, 52nd to 61st Regular Sessions. Number of UNGA resolutions with the name of country or region in the title. For the Israeli-Palestinian-Lebanese conflicts, number of resolutions with one of the following words in the title: Palest*, Israel*, Middle East, Lebanon, Jerusalem, Disengagement, 1967, Golan, UNRWA, occupied Arab territories, Bethlehem. Each resolution counted once. [edit] Claims that the UN is pro-IsraelConcerning the UN acceptance of the 1947 partition plan, Phyllis Bennis wrote in 1997 :
In 2002, the PLO issued a report[47] prepared by Marc Weller of Cambridge University and Barbara Metzger comparing the international response to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to similar situations in Bosnia, Kosovo, Kuwait, Rwanda, East Timor and Iraq. It contended that the international community, and the UN Security Council in particular, displayed pro-Israel bias because in these other cases
[edit] Claims that the United States is pro-Israel at the UN
The U.S. used its veto to protect Israel from over forty condemnatory UNSC resolutions;[49] almost all U.S. vetos cast since 1988 blocked resolutions against Israel, on the basis of their lack of condemnation of Palestinian terrorist groups, actions, and incitement. This policy, known as the Negroponte doctrine, has drawn both praise and criticism.[50][51] In a review of Boutros Boutros-Ghali's autobiography,
Regarding the nomination of John Bolton as the US representative to the UN, the IRC writes in 2006:
[edit] Claims that UNESCO is pro-IsraelAbout the creation in 2004 of the Israeli-Palestinian Science Organization, Omar Barghouti and Jacqueline Sfeir write:
[edit] Claims that the UN is anti-IsraelA 2005 report by the American Institute for Peace on UN reform states:
In a lecture at the 2003 UN conference on anti-Semitism, Anne Bayefsky said:
A study of UNGA resolutions published in 1991 by Morris Abram of UN Watch[57][58] reached similar conclusions. The event celebrating an annual International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on November 29, 2005 was attended by Kofi Annan and other high-ranking diplomats, sitting next to a pre-1948 political map of Palestine. This map is apparently a fixture of this celebration since 1981.[59] An observer noted that the map was printed by the PLO and, therefore, "must have been produced post-1964"[60] US Ambassador Bolton wrote to Annan:
(However, the UN officially uses maps of Israel within 1948-67 borders[62]) [edit] Claims the General Assembly is anti-IsraelDaniel Moynihan, US Ambassador to the UN, apparently qualified the 1975 resolution 3379 equating Zionism with racism "a reckless and obscene act".[63] Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog told his fellow delegates this resolution was "based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance. Hitler, he declared, would have felt at home listening to the UN debate on the measure."[64] A study published by the UN Association of the UK, reviewing the language of UNGA resolutions about Israel between 1990 and 2003, found that:
As noted above, this trend towards a more anodyne tone regarding Israel at the UNGA followed the signature of the Oslo Accords in 1993. This UN-UK report concludes that "criticism is not necessarily a product of bias, and it is not the intention here to suggest that UNGA and UNSC reproaches of Israel stem from prejudice. From the perspective of the UN, Israel has repeatedly flouted fundamental UN tenets and ignored important decisions."[65] The 61st Session of the UNGA (2006-2007) adopted 61 country-specific resolutions (see graph above). The Israeli delegation alleged:
U.S. envoy Susan Rice said in August 2009 "The assembly continues to single out Israel for criticism and let "political theater distract from real deliberation."[67] [edit] Claims that the previous UN Commission on Human Rights was anti-IsraelAllegations of an anti-Israel agenda at the UNHRC have been reviewed in details by UN Watch in a 2006 article.[68] Briefly,
[edit] Claims that the current UN Human Rights Council is anti-Israel
During its first year of existence (2006), the UNHRC passed seven resolutions, all (100%) critical of Israel.[69] In its second year (2007), Israel has so far been the subject of 4/11 resolutions (36%)[70] The Council voted on June 30, 2006 to make its review of human rights abuses by Israel a permanent feature of every council session. This decision was renewed in June 2007. Israel is the only country subject to a permanent review. The UNHRC sits in Geneva, thus excluding Israel from participating due to its limited membership to the WEOG group; see Regional Groups above. At its Second Special Session in August 2006, the Council voted to establish a Commission of Inquiry to investigate allegations that Israel systematically targeted Lebanese civilians during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.[71] The Commission noted that its report on the conflict would be incomplete without fully investigating both sides, but that the Commission is not entitled, even if it had wished, to construe [its charter] as equally authorizing the investigation of the actions by Hezbollah in Israel.[72] The Special Rapporteur on the question of Palestine to the previous UNCHR, the current UNHRC and the UNGA is, since 1993, John Dugard. His job description, or U.N. mandate, deliberately excludes Palestinian human-rights abuses. As Dugard lectured the Israeli representative on October 19: “I have a limited mandate, which is to investigate human rights violations by Israelis, not by Palestinians.” The pre-determined outcome, however, has never been a problem for this lawyer. Far from being embarrassed, he launched into this year’s diatribe this way: “Today I deliver my annual criticism of Israel’s human rights record.”[73] John Dugard, who has compared Israeli policies with South African Apartheid, is expected to be replaced with Richard Falk, who has compared Israel's treatment of Palestinians with the Nazis' treatment of Jews during the Holocaust.[74][75][76] Many observers noted this anti-Israel bias. The Economist wrote: "In its fourth regular session, which ended in Geneva on March 30, the 47-member council again failed to address many egregious human-rights abuses around the world. (...) Indeed, in its nine months of life, the council has criticised only one country for human-rights violations, passing in its latest session its ninth resolution against Israel. This obsession with bashing Israel and turning a blind eye to so much else has disappointed those who hoped that the new council might perform better than its predecessor.[77] . Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director for Human Rights Watch said in a July 26, 2007 testimony to the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee: In its first year, the Human Rights Council has failed to take action regarding countries facing human rights crises such as Burma, Colombia, Somalia, Turkmenistan, and Zimbabwe, ended the mandates of human rights experts on Belarus and Cuba, and rolled back its consideration of the deteriorating situations in Iran and Uzbekistan. At the same time, it focused disproportionately on Israel’s human rights record and worse still, did so in a manner doomed to be ineffective because it failed to look comprehensively at the situation, including the responsibilities and roles of Palestinian authorities and armed groups.[78] Similar accusations were voiced by the Washington Post[79] , Kofi Annan[80] , Ban Ki-moon[81] and US President George W. Bush[82] Surprisingly, the UNHRC President himself, Doru Costea, recognized the existence of an anti-Israel bias: "I agree with him (G.W. Bush). The functioning of the Council must be constantly improved," Costea told Le Temps on Saturday. He added that the Council must examine the behaviour of all parties involved in complex disputes and not place just one state under the magnifying glass..[83] This mea culpa is, however, contradicted by accusations of personal interference by Costea. Canadian officials focused on how the council chair used "procedural manoeuvering" last June to sideline Canadian delegates as they sought to call a vote at that time on the package. "We categorically reject the manner in which the ... package was pushed through at the council," said Henri-Paul Normandin, who is Canada's deputy representative at the UN. "Canada was denied its sovereign right to call a vote"[84] . In 2008, Israel was the target of 5/11 UNHCR resolutions (45%)[85] and 1/28 decisions.[86] Renewed accusations of an anti-Israel agenda at the UNHCR were voiced by the ADL[87], the Wall Street Journal[88] and the National Post [89]. Don A Habibi of the University of North Carolina wrote ... the obsessive, lopsided scrutiny placed on Israel is concomitant with the neglect of the far more horrific human rights violations in the Arab world and beyond. There is a tragic opportunity cost in how the major humanitarian and human rights organizations set their priorities and allocate their resources. The moral failure of politicization also damages the credibility of the human rights leadership, their organizations, and the cause of human rights [90] In a report on the Council activities between June 2007 and June 2009, Freedom House finds some improvement but notes that "Israel remained the target of an inordinate number of both condemnatory resolutions and special sessions. Israel was the target of 10 out of 18 condemnatory resolutions passed during the period of this report (and 19 out of 31 since the first session of the Council), the language of which is consistently one-sided, assigning sole responsibility to Israel for the violations of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Israel was also the target of three of the four first special sessions called by the Council and was the target of two of the seven special sessions that took place during this reporting period." [91] [edit] United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the 2008 Gaza WarMain article: United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict  A fact finding mission on Human Rights violations during the 2008 Gaza War between Israel and Hamas was called by the Jan 12 2009 UNHRC Resolution A/HRC/S-9/L.1 which limited the investigation to "violations (...) by the occupying Power, Israel, against the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in the occupied Gaza Strip" but, before any investigation, already "Strongly condemns the ongoing Israeli military operation carried out in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in the occupied Gaza Strip, which has resulted in massive violations of the human rights of the Palestinian people". Former UN high commissioner for human rights and Ireland President Mary Robinson refused to head the mission because she "felt strongly that the Council’s resolution was one-sided and did not permit a balanced approach to determining the situation on the ground."[92] On April 3, 2009, Richard Goldstone was named as the head of the mission. In a July 16 interview, he said "at first I was not prepared to accept the invitation to head the mission". "It was essential," he continued, to expand the mandate to include "the sustained rocket attack on civilians in southern Israel, as well as other facts." He set this expansion of the mandate as a condition for chairing the mission.[93] The next day, he wrote in the New York Times "I accepted because the mandate of the mission was to look at all parties: Israel; Hamas, which controls Gaza; and other armed Palestinian groups."[94] The UNHRC press release announcing his nomination documents the changed mandate of the mission.[95] Melanie Phillips notes that the resolution that created the mandate allows no such change and questions the validity of the new mandate. "It looks therefore as if he [Goldstone] and the UNHRC President unilaterally tore up both the Council’s mandate and UN regulations". She thinks the mandate was changed in order to allow a negligible criticism of Hamas "to provide Goldstone with the fig-leaf to disguise the moral bankruptcy of the entire process".[96] Israel also thought the change of the mandate didn't have much practical effect.[97] In January, months before the mission, Professor Christine Chinkin, one of the four mission members, signed a letter to the London Sunday Times, asserting that Israel's actions "amount to aggression, not self-defense" and that "the manner and scale of its operations in Gaza amount to an act of aggression and is contrary to international law".[98] On this basis, NGO UN Watch petitioned Chinkin to withdraw from the Mission.[99] She authored the final report. Israel concluded that "it seemed clear beyond any doubt that the initiative was motivated by a political agenda and not concern for human rights" and therefore refused to cooperate with it – in contrast to its policy to cooperate fully with most of the international inquiries into events in the Gaza Operation.[100] The mission report was published on Sept 15 2009.[101] As noted in the press release, the mission concluded "that serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law were committed by Israel in the context of its military operations in Gaza from December 27, 2008 to January 18, 2009, and that Israel committed actions amounting to war crimes, and possibly crimes against humanity. The Mission also found that Palestinian armed groups had committed war crimes, as well as possibly crimes against humanity." [102] Goldstone, however, explained that what he had headed wasn’t an investigation, but a fact-finding mission. "If this was a court of law, there would have been nothing proven," Goldstone said, emphasizing that his conclusion that war crimes had been committed was always intended as conditional. Nevertheless, the report itself is replete with bold and declarative legal conclusions seemingly at odds with the cautious and conditional explanations of its author.[103] Reactions to the report's findings were varied. See United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict for details The report was not immediately ratified by a UNHRC resolution. This step was postponed to March 2010.[104]. This delay is attributed to diplomatic pressure from Western members of the Council, including the US which joined in April 2009 and, surprisingly, from the Palestinian Authority representative.[105][106][107] About the U.S. pressure, UNHRC representative Harold Hongju Koh described the U.S. participation to the Council as "an experiment" with the Goldstone report being the first test.[108] The report was finally ratified by the October 14th UNHRC resolution A/HRC/S-12/L.1 [109]. Like the January 12th resolution but unlike the report, this ratification condemns Israel, not Hamas [110]. The "unbalanced focus" of the ratification was criticized by U.S. State Department spokesman Ian Kelly [111], U.S. ambassador to the UNHRC Douglas Griffiths and Richard Goldstone himself [112] [edit] Claims that the Commission on the Status of Women is anti-IsraelDuring its 51st session (2007), the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women produced only one country-specific resolution. In it, the commission:
About this resolution, Ms. Meirav Eilon Shahar, Counsellor, outlined Israel's position on the politicized resolution. "As in previous years, this Commission has before it, once again, a resolution on the sole situation of Palestinian women. In monopolizing attention for Palestinian women and promoting uneven standards, the resolution turns a humanitarian issue into a political one. Hence, it damages the prospects for peace based on mutual respect and understanding.[114] In 2008, the Commission adopted a single resolution with a similar content (E/CN.6/2008/L.3). In a 2005 document, Women in an Insecure World, Israel is not mentioned as a perpetrator of violence against women. A 2006 report by UNIFEM about violence against women makes no mention of Israel. The UNGA resolution 3379 ("Zionism is racism") was prefigured by resolutions passed at the United-Nations sponsored World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City June-July 1975.[2] [edit] Claims that the Special Rapporteur on the Right to food is anti-IsraelSince 2000, Jean Ziegler has occupied the post of Special rapporteur on the right to food. The record of Jean Ziegler was analyzed in a 2004 study by UN Watch. The study concludes that:
In the FAO food security statistics, the percentage of undernourished in the Palestinian territories (2001-2003) was 16%; there were 59 countries with a higher rate. According to the UN’s 2003 Human Development Report the Occupied Palestinian Territories have the lowest rate of underweight children (3% among children under 5, 1995-2001) among Arab countries. [edit] Claims that the UNESCO is anti-IsraelAbout the 1974 UNESCO decision to exclude Israel from its membership, Julian Huxley, the first Director of UNESCO, wrote in The Times:
UNESCO defended this decision with two statements in 1974[117] and 1975.[118] Israel's membership was renewed two years later. UNESCO has adopted hundreds of decisions on the access of Palestinians to education. Palestine is the only country with a yearly decision to this effect. The literacy rate among Palestinians, 91.9% of adults, is one of the highest among Muslim countries. UNESCO also adopts yearly resolutions for the preservation of the old Jerusalem, a UNESCO world heritage site included in the List of World Heritage Sites in danger. In 2007, an emergency session was held to discuss Israeli archaeological excavations at the Mughrabi ascent in the Old City of Jerusalem. The session report stated:
Following a fact-finding mission, Israel was exonerated of blame by the executive board. UNESCO never criticized repeated episodes of mechanized excavations within the Temple Mount ground by the Muslim Waqf, and is financing a museum within the al-Aqsa Mosque. In UNESCO documents, the Temple Mount is always called by its Arabic name, al-Haram al-Sharif, an unusual practice in the English-speaking world. [edit] Claims that the UN is anti-Palestinian[edit] Claims that the UN ignores Arab discrimination against Palestinians and inter-Palestinian fightingMain article: Palestinian refugee #Treatment in Arab countries Half of the Palestinian refugees are located in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. Basic human rights of these refugees are violated by these states, notably Lebanon which is accused of violating the right to health, education, work, ownership, travel and even the right to a name,[120],[121],[122].[123][124] A three month-long assault by the Lebanese army on the Nahr al-Bared in 2007 camp caused 498 deaths, the destruction of 85% of the infrastructures and 30,000 refugees. The UNRWA report contains no accusation.[125] The violent takeover of Gaza by Hamas in 2007 has, so far, not been condemned at the UN. In November 2007, PA observer Riad Mansour sought to include a clause "expressing concern about the takeover by illegal militias of Palestinian Authority institutions in June 2007" and calling for the reversal of this situation (...) Reliable diplomatic sources said Mansour was subjected to a barrage of insults, led by the representatives of Egypt, Syria and Libya. The Arab delegates claimed Mansour's initiative would be interpreted as an official UN condemnation of Hamas, and would gain Israel international legitimacy for cutting electricity and fuel supplies to Gaza. Mansour agreed to softer language expressing "concern about an illegal takeover."[126] [edit] Claims that the UN promotes Arab discrimination against PalestiniansSeveral observers accuse the UN of promoting this discrimination by creating a special status for Palestinian refugees. The IFHR study states:
In an online article, the Coalition Against the Deportation of Palestinian Refugees states:
A 2007 article in the Washington Times states:
A similar argument was published in The Independent [129] [edit] Accusations of Racism[edit] Claims that the UN is antisemiticMain article: Allegations of antisemitism in the United Nations For more details on this topic, see New antisemitism. Antisemitism, the expression of hatred against all Jews, is distinct from anti-zionism and condemned by the UN. However, classical antisemitic statements are occasionally recorded at the UN:
[edit] Claims that disproportionate criticism of Israel is antisemitismSome authors, including the European Union,[131] equate the use of double standards in judging Israel with New antisemitism. In a 2008 report on antisemitism from the US Department of State to the US Congress,
[edit] Claims that the 2001 Durban conference was antisemiticAbout the 2001 Durban's World Conference against Racism, Mirek Prokes of UNITED for Intercultural Action noted:
A similar scene was described by Bayefsky[134] and offers photos. The Qatar delegate said, according to official UN records:
In a 2002 interview with the BBC, Mary Robinson said some good came out of the conference
Navanethem Pillay, the current UNHCHR, published in 2008 a similar opinion of the event [137] [edit] Claims that the 2009 Durban Review conference was antisemiticThe April 2009 Durban Review Conference held in Geneva, was boycotted by nine western countries. During an official speech at this conference, Iran president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said :
During his speech, all European representatives walked out.[139][140] The final outcome document makes no reference to Israel or Palestinians.[141] [edit] Claims that the UN ignores antisemitismSince its creation, the UN has abundantly condemned racial discrimination, including some 58 resolutions and decisions condemning Nazism. The first UNGA resolution condemning antisemitism by name is A/RES/53/133 (9 December 1998), where it "Urges all Governments to cooperate fully with the Special Rapporteur with a view to enabling him to fulfil his mandate, including the examination of incidents of contemporary forms of racism and racial discrimination, inter alia, against blacks, Arabs and Muslims, xenophobia, Negrophobia, anti-Semitism and related intolerance;".[142] A 1999 Middle East Quarterly article recounts:
It took the UN 57 years to hold its first conference on Antisemitism in 2004. In a Boston Globe article about this conference, Jeff Jacoby writes
In a 2007 report, UN Watch reviews the record of the UN in the fight against antisemitism since the 2004 conference. While progress in some areas was encouraging, our report also revealed inaction, and, worse, the aiding and abetting of anti-Semitism through an infrastructure of manifestly one-sided and irrational UN measures designed to demonize the Jewish state.[145] Many have characterized Iran president Ahmadinejad's yearly anti-Israel tirade at the UNGA as anti-semitic, including Germany's FM Steinmeier,[146] US Senator Barack Obama,[147] former UNSG Annan[148] and the Times UK.[149] Ahmadinejad is allowed to speak yearly and his speeches applauded by the UNGA.[150] [edit] Claims that Israel is a racist stateMain article: Israel and the apartheid analogy Resolution 3379 (1975) bluntly “Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination.” It was revoked by resolution 4686 in 1991; 25 Muslim states voted against this revocation. During the first ever conference on anti-semitism at the UN, in 2004, Kofi Annan said: Let us acknowledge that the United Nations' record on anti-Semitism has at times fallen short of our ideals. The General Assembly resolution of 1975, equating Zionism with racism, was an especially unfortunate decision. I am glad that it has since been rescinded.[151] The "Zionism is racism" concept reappeared in 2001 World Conference against Racism in Durban. Zouheir Hamdan (Lebanon) claimed that "One (Israeli) minister described the Palestinians as serpents, and said they reproduced like ants. Another one proposed that Palestinians in Israel be marked with yellow cards".[152] A draft resolution denounced the emergence of "movements based on racism and discriminatory ideas, in particular the Zionist movement, which is based on racial superiority.".[153] The draft was removed following the departure of the US and Canadian delegates. UNGA President Father Miguel D'Escoto Brockmann repeated the accusation in a speech during the 2008 International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People.[154] On January 24 2008, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Louise Arbour welcomed[155] the entry into force of the Arab Charter on Human Rights which states:
Following criticisms about this statement[157],[158][159] Arbour distanced herself from some aspects of the charter.[160] The charter is listed in the web site of her office, among texts adopted by international groups aimed at promoting and consolidating democracy[161] [edit] Accusations of intervention in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict[edit] Claims that UN personnel intervened against Israel
[edit] Claims that Israel targets UN personnel
[edit] Claims that Israel refused to cooperate with UNIn December 2008 Israel has detained Richard Falk, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the occupied Palestinian territory while on his official mission to West Bank.[170] Israel refused to cooperate with the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict (Goldstone Mission) and denied its entry to Israel, while Hamas and Palestinian National Authority have supported and assisted the Mission.[171][172] Several Palestinians cooperating with and supporting the Goldstone Mission were detained by Israel security forces, one of them is Muhammad Srour, who testified before the Mission in Geneva, en-route back to West Bank he was arrested. After UN intervention, he was released. There were also a number of anonymous calls and messages received on private phone numbers and e-mail addresses by some of those who provided information to Mission or assisted in its work in the Gaza Strip.[173] [edit] References
[edit] Further reading
[edit] External links[edit] UN Webpages and Documents
[edit] Pro-Israel Websites
[edit] Pro-Palestinian Websites
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