Ipecacuanha
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Rubiaceae
Genus:	Psychotria
Species:	P. ipecacuanha
Binomial name
Psychotria ipecacuanha
Synonyms
Cephaelis acuminata Cephaelis ipecacuanha Cephaelis ipecacunha (lapsus) Psichotria ipecacunha (lapsus) Psychotria ipecacuanha Uragoga ipecacuanha

Ipecacuanha (Psychotria ipecacuanha) of family Rubiaceae is a flowering plant, the root of which is most commonly used to make syrup of ipecac, a powerful emetic. Its name comes from the Tupi i-pe-kaa-guéne, translated as 'road-side sick-making plant'. It is native to Brazil. The plant had been discussed under a variety of synonyms over the years by various botanists.

Ipecacuanha was known to Europe by the mid 1600s. Nicholas Culpeper, an English botanist, herbalist, and physician, compared Ipecacuanha to the herb Orach in his book, "Complete Herbal & English Physician", published in 1653. One of the first recorded shipments of Ipecacuanha to Europe was in 1672, by a traveler named Legros. Legros imported some quantity of the root to Paris from South America. In 1680, a Parisian merchant named Garnier possessed some 68 kilograms (150 pounds) of the substance and informed a physician named Helvetius of its power in the treatment of dysentery. Helvetius was granted sole right to vend the remedy by Louis XIV, but sold the secret to the French government, who made the formula public in 1688.

The part of ipecacuanha used in medicine is the root, which is simple or divided into a few branches, flexuous, about as thick as a goose quill, and is composed of rings of various size, somewhat fleshy when fresh, and appearing as if closely strung on a central woody cord. The different kinds known in commerce (gray, red, brown) are all produced by the same plant, the differences arising from the age of the plant, the mode of drying, etc. Various other plants are used as substitutes for it.

Ipecacuanha has a long history of use as an emetic, for emptying the stomach in cases of poisoning. It has also been used as a nauseant, expectorant, and diaphoretic, and was prescribed for conditions such as bronchitis. The most common and familiar preparation is syrup of ipecac, which was commonly recommended as an emergency treatment for accidental poisoning until the final years of the 20th century.^[1] Ipecacuanha was also traditionally used to induce sweating. A common preparation for this purpose was Dover's powder.

[edit] Similar plants

Ipecacuanha is a slow-growing plant, which reduces its commercial appeal as a crop plant. It is seldom cultivated in South America, but it has been cultivated in India and elsewhere.

Botanical names vary and change a great deal, thus the following is a generalized listing of plants which have at some point in time been employed as substitutes for ipecacuanha. Some of the names of the species may be obsolete.

• Brazilian or Rio ipecacuanha: Cephaelis ipecacuanha^{[verification needed]}
• Cartagena or Colombia ipecacuanha: Cephaelis acuminata^{[verification needed]}
• Wild ipecacuanha: Euphorbia ipecacuanhae of North America
• Venezuelan plant: Sarcostemma glacum, of the family Asclepiadaceae
• Tylophora asthmatica was used in India
• Gillenia stipulata was called American ipecac
• Richardsonia pilosa, Richardsonia rosea, Psychotria emetica and various species of Ionidium have been employed, too.

[edit] Appearances in Popular Culture

• Ipecacuanha was the name of the ship that initially rescued the character Edward Prendick in the novel The Island of Doctor Moreau written by H. G. Wells. The ship he had been on, the Lady Vain, collided with rocks, and he was left to float in a dinghy until he was rescued eight days later.
• Guybrush Threepwood used Ipecacuanha syrup (made by combining a flower from the Ipecacuanha with maple syrup) in order to escape from the giant snake that swallowed him in Monkey Island 3: The Curse of Monkey Island videogame.
• In the Seth MacFarlane animated television series Family Guy, the characters Peter, Stewie, Brian and Chris take part in an ipecac syrup-drinking contest. They all take a swig of ipecac and see who can go the longest without vomiting. Chris wins, but the notorious effects of ipecac are soon felt as none of them can stop vomiting.

[edit] References

1. ^ "Policy statement: Poison treatment in the home". Pediatrics 112 (5): 1182–1185. November 2003. doi:10.1542/peds.112.5.1182. PMID 14595067. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;112/5/1182. 

[edit] External links

Therapeutic classification

• R05CA04