Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) is a general term referring to the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) within the field of socioeconomic development or international development. ICT4D concerns itself with directly applying information technology approaches to poverty reduction. ICTs can be applied either in the direct sense, wherein their use directly benefits the disadvantaged population, or in an indirect sense, wherein the ICTs assist aid organisations or non-governmental organizations or governments or businesses in order to improve general socio-economic conditions. In many impoverished regions of the world, legislative and political measures are required to facilitate or enable application of ICTs, especially with respect to monopolistic communications structures and censorship laws.
The concept of ICT4D can be interpreted as dealing with disadvantaged populations anywhere in the world, but is more typically associated with applications in developing countries. The field is becoming recognized as an interdisciplinary research area as can be noted by the growing number of conferences, workshops and publications. [1][2] Such research have been spurred on in part by the need for scientifically validated benchmarks and results, which can be used to measure the efficacy of current projects.[3] Many international development agencies recognize the importance of ICT4D. For example the World Bank's GICT section has a dedicated team of some 200 staff working on these issues.
A good example of the impact of ICTs on development are African farmers getting better market price information and thus not being impoverished by unfair corps buy-out people.[4] Another example includes mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting fighting political corruption in Burundi.[5]
The dominant terminology used in this field is "ICT4D". Alternatives include ICTD and development informatics.
[edit] History
The history of ICT4D can, roughly, be divided into three periods:[6]
- ICT4D 0.0: mid-1950s to late-1990s. During this period (before the creation of the term "ICT4D"), the focus was on computing / data processing for back office applications in large government and private sector organisations in developing countries.
- ICT4D 1.0: late-1990s to late-2000s. The combined advent of the Millennium Development Goals and mainstream usage of the Internet in industrialised countries led to a rapid rise in investment in ICT infrastructure and ICT programmes / projects in developing countries. The most typical application was the telecentre, used to bring information on development issues such as health, education, and agricultural extension into poor communities. More latterly, telecentres might also deliver online or partly-online government services.
- ICT4D 2.0: late-2000s onwards. There is no clear boundary between phase 1.0 and 2.0 but suggestions of moving to a new phase include the change from the telecentre to the mobile phone as the archetypal application; less concern with e-readiness and more interest in the impact of ICTs on development; and more focus on the poor as producers and innovators with ICTs (as opposed to just consumers of ICT-based information).
[edit] Projects
[edit] Anatomy
ICT4D initiatives and projects may be designed and implemented by international institutions, private companies (e.g. Intel's Classmate), governments (e.g. e-Mexico initiative), non-governmental organizations (e.g. International Institute for Communication and Development), or virtual organizations (e.g. One Laptop per Child).
ICT4D projects address one or more of the following issues:
- Access and[7]Infrastructure: providing suitable computer hardware, operating systems, software, and connectivity to the internet. These would include the affordability of software and hardware, the ability to share software (as echoed in the Free Software movement), and the ability to sustainably connect to the internet.
- Capacity building and training in ICT: installing, maintaining, and developing hardware and software, digital literacy (technological literacy and informational literacy) and e-Awareness.
- Digital content and services: e-services (e-learning, e-health, e-business/e-commerce, e-Governance/e-Government[8]), including concerns related to local-language solutions in computing, and the Open Access agenda.
- Regulation of the ICT Sector and digital rights: Universal Access vs. monopolistic structures, Intellectual Property Rights, privacy, security, and digital identity.
- Ethics and Social Contexts
- Environment and Agriculture[9]
- Free and Open Source Software[10]
- Gender and ICT[11]
- Health and Medicine[12]
- Policy and Social Analyses[13]
- Technical Innovation for Development[14]
[edit] Problems
Bad access roads and lack of power hamper ICT4D Projects in rural areas
Projects which deploy technologies in underdeveloped areas face well-known problems concerning crime, problems of adjustment to the social context, and also possibly infrastructural problems.
Literacy issue is one of the factor why projects fail in rural areas, proper education and training to make the user at least understand how to manipulate the application to get the proper information they needed. Constant follow up with the community to monitor if the project is being used or implemented.
Projects in marginalised rural areas face the most significant hurdles. Since people in marginalised rural areas are at the very bottom of the pyramid, development efforts should make the most difference in this sector. ICTs have the potential to multiply development effects [15] and are thus also meaningful in the rural arena.[16] However introducing ICTs in these areas is also most costly, as the following barriers exist:[17]
- Lack of Infrastructure: no power, no running water, bad roads
- Lack of Health Services: diseases like HIV, TB, malaria are more common.
- Lack of Employment: there are practically no jobs in marginalised rural areas.
- Hunger: hungry users have problems concentrating.
- Illiteracy: Text user interfaces do not work very well, innovative Human Computer Interfaces (see Human Computer Interaction) are required.
- Lack of means to maintain the project: some projects may be left to deteriorate in time because if a component gets broken they are costly to repair and maintain.
- Lack of support from the local government
- Social Contexts: the potential users living in rural marginalised areas often cannot easily see the point of ICTs, because of social context and also because of the impediments of hunger, disease and illiteracy.
- Corruption is one of the factors why it hampers the implementation of the ICT project in rural areas.
- Trainings and seminars must be conducted according the suitable time of the farmers, to make sure that their daily routine for livelihood must be done first.
- Proper applications are not user friendly.
The World Bank runs Information for Development Program (infoDev), whose Rural ICT Toolkit analyses the costs and possible profits involved in such a venture and shows that there is more potential in developing areas than many might assume.[18] The potential for profit arsises from two sources- resource sharing across large numbers of users (specifically, the publication talks about line sharing, but the principle is the same for, e.g. telecentres at which computing / Internet are shared) and remittances (specifically the publication talks about carriers making money from incoming calls, i.e. from urban to rural areas). Remittances are estimated to have a volume of upward of 250 billion USD and websites have been established to take advantage of this fact (e.g. Aryty, Philippines; Mukuru.com, Zimbabwe.[19]
[edit] Lessons learned
What's crucial in making any ICT4D effort successful is effective partnership between four key stakeholders:
- Public sector (governments - from developed nations, developing nations, international bodies, and local governments)
- Private sector (companies belonging to members of the target audience, multi-national organizations wishing to expand their markets to the 4 billion people under US$2/day, pro-poor or social companies)
- Informal sector (NGOs, advocacy groups, think tanks)
- Representation from the target audience
InfoDev have published 6 lessons from an analysis of 17 their pilot programmes (see below). These lessons are backed by a variety of examples as well as a list of recommendations, which should be read by everyone starting an ICT4D project.[20]
- Lesson 1: Involve target groups in project design and monitoring.
- Lesson 2: When choosing the technology for a poverty intervention project, pay particular attention to infrastructure requirements, local availability, training requirements, and technical challenges. Simpler technology often produces better results.
- Lesson 3: Existing technologies—particularly the telephone, radio, and television—can often convey information less expensively, in local languages, and to larger numbers of people than can newer technologies. In some cases, the former can enhance the capacity of the latter.
- Lesson 4: ICT projects that reach out to rural areas might contribute more to the MDGs than projects based in urban areas.
- Lesson 5: Financial sustainability is a challenge for ICT-for-development initiatives.
- Lesson 6: Projects that focus on ICT training should include a job placement component.
[edit] Sustainability and scalability
A growing perspective in the field is also the need to build projects that are sustainable and scalable, rather than focusing on those which must be propped up by huge amounts of external funding and cannot survive for long without it. Sustaining the project's scalability is a huge challenge of ICT for development on how the target user will continue using the platform. Development on ICT is not one shot implementation but rather it is a complex process to undertake continuously and the progress of each project evolves around the pervasive education for adaptability of the technology
Also, many so-called "developing" countries, such as India (or other South Asian countries like Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, as also nations like Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Brazil, South Africa and many others) have proved their skills in IT (information technology). In this context, unless these skills are tapped adequately to build on ICT4D projects, not only will a lot of potential be wasted, but a key indigenous partner in the growth of this sector would be lost. Also there would be unnecessary negative impact on the balance of payments due to imports in both hardware and software.
Currently, the main two perspectives coming out of this sector either emphasize the need for external aid to build infrastructure before projects can touch viability, or the need to develop and build on local talent. Both approaches are, of course, not mutually exclusive.
[edit] Critics
As it has grown in popularity, especially in the international development sector, ICT4D has also increasingly come under criticism. For instance, questions have been raised about whether projects that have been implemented at enormous cost are actually designed to be scalable, or whether these projects make enough of an impact to produce noticeable change.[21]
In Sri Lankan journalist Nalaka Gunawardene argues that thousands of pilot projects have been seeded without regard to generalisability, scalability, and sustainability, implying that these projects will always require external funding to continue running and that their impact is limited.[22] This sentiment echoes a 2003 report by the World Bank.[3]
Further criticism on ICT4D concerns the impact of ICTs on traditional cultures and the so-called cultural imperialism which may be spread with ICTs. For example, young males are tempted to spend their recreational time playing violent computer games. It is emphasised that local language content and software seem to be good ways to help soften the impact of ICTs in developing areas.[23]
Anriette Esterhuysen, an advocate for ICT4D and human rights in South Africa[24], pointed out that some ICT4D projects often gives more impetus to how ICT can help its beneficiaries economically rather than helping them gain a society where social justice and equal rights prevails. She Believes that sustainable development can only be achieved if there is human rights and people can speak freely[25].
Another point of criticism against ICT4D is that its projects are seldom environmentally friendly. Beneficiary communities are often given the responsibility to dispose of the toxic electronic scrap when an equipment breaks down beyond repair. Since transporting the equipment to a recycling facility is costly; the equipment is often disposed of improperly, thus contributing to the pollution of the environment.
[edit] Technology
ICT4D projects typically try to employ low-cost, low-powered technology that can be sustainable in developing environment. Desktop virtualization and multiseat configurations are probably the most simple and common way to affordable computing as of 2009.
ICT4D projects needs to be properly monitored and implemented; the system's design and user interface should be suitable to the target users. ICT4D projects installed without proper coordination with its beneficiary community has a tendency to fall short of its main objectives. For example, the usage of ICT4D projects in farming sector in third world countries, where a majority of the population are considered to be technologically illiterate, projects lay idle and sometimes get damaged or become obsolete.
Furthermore, there should be a line of communication between the project coordinator and the user for immediate response to the query or the difficulty encountered by the user. Addressing properly to the problem will help encourage the user for the interactivity and participation.
[edit] Organizations
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants growth in developed and developing world between 1997 and 2007
- Dialog Telekom Dialog Telekom PLC Sri Lanka
- APC Association for Progressive Communications
- PhilRice Philippine Rice Research Institute
[edit] Notable events
[edit] World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
A major event for ICT4D was the twin WSIS (WSIS) - lead organisation was the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). The first part of WSIS took place in Geneva, Switzerland in December 2003 (with a large ICT4D exhibition and an ICT4D symposium co-ordinated by infoDev). The second part of WSIS took place in Tunis, Tunisia, in November 2005. One of its chief aims of the WSIS process was to seek solutions to help bridge the so-called "digital divide" separating rich countries from poor countries by spreading access to the Internet in the developing world.
Perspectives on the WSIS are available elsewhere on Wikipedia, and this covers links to civil society, Tunis 2005, US priorities at WSIS, media responses, Tunis conference developments, roles for business and government, digital divide issues, the digital divide and the digital dilemma, common ground, a civil society study on WSIS, and external links.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ "University ICT4D". UICT4D.ORG, University of Washington. 2007. http://uict4d.org/.
- ^ "SPIDER". Swedish Programme for ICT in Developing Regions, KTH. 2007. http://www.spidercentre.org/.
- ^ a b McNamara, Kerry S. (2003) (PDF). Information and Communication Technologies, Poverty and Development: Learning from Experience. World Bank, Washington D.C., USA. http://www.infodev.org/en/Document.19.aspx. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
- ^ Presenting IICD (Short version) — International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD)
- ^ http://voicesfromemergingmarkets.com/?p=19
- ^ Heeks, Richard (2008). "ICT4D 2.0: The Next Phase of Applying ICT for International Development". IEEE Computer 41 (6): 26-33. http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/MC.2008.192.
- ^ UNDP ICTD Case Studies http://www.apdip.net/resources/case
- ^ UNDP ICTD Case Studies http://www.apdip.net/resources/case
- ^ UNDP ICTD Case Studies http://www.apdip.net/resources/case
- ^ UNDP ICTD Case Studies http://www.apdip.net/resources/case
- ^ UNDP ICTD Case Studies http://www.apdip.net/resources/case
- ^ UNDP ICTD Case Studies http://www.apdip.net/resources/case
- ^ UNDP ICTD Case Studies http://www.apdip.net/resources/case
- ^ UNDP ICTD Case Studies http://www.apdip.net/resources/case
- ^ IDRC. Acacia Prospectus 2006 - 2011. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-113431-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
- ^ Parikh, Tapan (2009). "Engineering Rural Development" (PDF). Communications of the ACM 52 (1): 54 - 63. doi:10.1145/1435417.1435433.
- ^ Thinyane, M., Slay, H., Terzoli, A., & Clayton, P. (4 September 2006). A preliminary investigation into the implementation of ICT in marginalized communities.. Stellenbosch, South Africa: South African Telecommunication Network and Application Conference.
- ^ Dymond, A.; Oestermann, S. (2004) (PDF). A Rural ICT Toolkit for Africa. Information for Development Programme (infoDev) of the World Bank. World Bank, Washington D.C., USA. http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.23.html. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
- ^ "Article in Voice Of America News". 2007. http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-11/Diaspora-Entrepreneurs-Use-Internet-to-Send-Remittances-to-Zimbabwe.cfm. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
- ^ S. Batchelor, S. Evangelista, S.Hearn, M. Pierce, S. Sugden, M. Webb (November 2003). ICT for Development Contributing to the Millennium Development Goals: Lessons Learned from Seventeen infoDev Projects. World Bank.
- ^ Graham, Mark (2008). "Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development" (PDF). Geography Compass 2 (3): 771. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00093.x.
- ^ Nalaka Gunawardene Waiting for Pilots to Land in Tunis Islam Online, November 2005. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ^ Anderson, Neil (2005). "Building digital capacities in remote communities within developing countries: Practical applications and ethical issues" (PDF). Information technology, education and society 6 (3).
- ^ http://www.apc.org/en/user/anriette
- ^ http://ict4d.at/2009/07/09/coop-20-interview-anriette-esterhuysen/
[edit] Further reading
Wireless Networking in the Developing World (PDF book)
- Berthoud, Olivier (2004) (PDF). Knowledge management, international cooperation and the use of Internet. Bolivia: SDC. http://www.edinter.net/docs/Berthoud_KM_cooperation_Internet_2004.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- Haris, Roger W. (2004) (PDF). Information and Communication Technologies for Poverty Alleviation. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: UNDP Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme. p. 75. ISBN 983-3094-01-5. http://www.apdip.net/publications/iespprimers/eprimer-pov.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- Unwin, Tim (2009). ICT4D: Information and Communication Technology for Development. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521712361.
- Beardon, Hannah (January 2009). Mobiles for Development: How mobile technologies can enhance Plan and partners work in Afrika. Plan. p. 48. http://www.plan.fi/uploads/media/Mobiles_for_Development_-_Plan_2009.pdf.
- Vital Wave Consulting (February 2009) (PDF). mHealth for Development: The Opportunity of Mobile Technology for Healthcare in the Developing World. United Nations Foundation, Vodafone Foundation. p. 70. http://www.vitalwaveconsulting.com/pdf/mHealth.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- (PDF) Africa: The Impact of Mobile Phones. Vodafone. 2005. p. 71. http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.78351.File.tmp/GPP_SIM_paper_3.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23. Key findings here [1].
- (PDF) The Impact of Mobile Phones in Africa. Commission for Africa. 2004. p. 18. http://www.commissionforafrica.org/english/report/background/scott_et_al_background.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- (PDF) The Role of Mobile Phones in Sustainable Rural Poverty Reduction. ICT Polici Division, GICT. p. 25. http://www.web4dev.org/images/2/2d/The_Role_of_Mobile_Phones_in_Sustainable_Rural_Poverty_Reduction_June_2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- Ahmed T. Rashid, Laurent Elder (2009). Mobile Phones and Development: An Analysis of IDRC-Supported Projects. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries. p. 16. http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/viewFile/529/265.
- (PDF) Wireless Networking in the Developing World: A practical guide to planning and building low-cost telecommunications infrastructure (2nd ed.). Hacker Friendly LLC. 2007. p. 425. http://wndw.net/pdf/wndw2-en/wndw2-ebook.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- Vital Wave Consulting (December 2008) (PDF). Landscape Analysis of Low-cost Computing Devices. p. 38. http://www.vitalwaveconsulting.com/publications/pdf/Landscape_Analysis_of_Low-cost_Computing_Devices_Dec08.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- (PDF) Report on Low-Power PC Research Project. Computer Aid International. 2009. p. 9. http://www.computeraid.org/pdffiles/Report%20on%20Low-Power%20PC%20Research%20Project%20April%202009.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- Heeks, Richard (April 2009). Emerging markets: IT and the world's "bottom billion". Communications of the ACM. p. 3. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1498765.1498776&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=33035588&CFTOKEN=15363531.
- Randy Spence, Matthew Smith (April 2009) (PDF). Information and Communication Technologies, Human Development, Growth and Poverty Reduction: A Background Paper. p. 325. http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/12412058391HF2_Background_Paper_28-04-09.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- Burrell, Jenna (January 2008) (PDF). Livelihoods and the mobile phone in rural Uganda. Grameen Foundation USA. p. 52. http://www.grameenfoundation.applab.org/uploads/burrell_needs_assessment_final-1.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- Garside, Ben (April 2009). Village voice: towards inclusive information technologies. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). p. 4. http://www.iied.org/pubs/display.php?o=17051IIED.
[edit] External links
