In vivo (Latin for "within the living") is experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism, or an in vitro controlled environment. Animal testing and clinical trials are two forms of in vivo research. In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject.

Contents 1 In vivo vs. ex vivo research 2 Methods of use 3 References 4 See also

[edit] In vivo vs. ex vivo research

In molecular biology in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in live isolated cells rather than in a whole organism, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the more specific term is ex vivo. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as in vitro.

[edit] Methods of use

According to Christopher Lipinski and Andrew Hopkins, "Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems, the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in. Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing; chemical tools that can perturb cell function another; and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another. If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo, drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing."^[1]

In the past, the guinea pig was such a commonly used in vivo experimental subject that they became part of idiomatic English: to be a guinea pig. However, they have largely been replaced by their smaller, cheaper, and faster-breeding cousins, rats and mice.

In vivo imaging provides a noninvasive method for imaging biological processes in live animals in order to understand metabolic processes, effects of drugs and disease progression. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent detection has proven useful for in vivo imaging in small animals. Low tissue autofluorescence at 800 nm makes it possible to use probes with NIR labels to image tumors and organs.^[2] In vivo imaging is an important tool for any research that uses animal models to study diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.^[3]

[edit] References

1. ^ Lipinski C, Hopkins A (2004). "Navigating chemical space for biology and medicine". Nature 432 (7019): 855–61. doi:10.1038/nature03193. PMID 15602551. 
2. ^ Houston K. et al. (2005). "Quality analysis of near-infrared fluorescence and conventional gamma images acquired using a dual labeled tumor targeting probe." J. Biomed. Optics.10:054010-1-11.
3. ^ Skoch J. and Bacskai, B.,"The LI-COR Odyssey as a near-infrared imaging platform for animal models of Alzheimer's disease. http://www.licor.com/bio/PDF/MassGen.pdf (25Jul2006).

[edit] See also

• animal testing
• ex vivo
• in situ
• in utero
• in vitro
• in silico
• in papyro
• in planta

Look up in vivo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

v • d • e Biomedical research: Study designs / Design of experiments Overview Clinical trial · Clinical trial protocol · Clinical trial management · Academic clinical trials · Study design Controlled study (EBM I to II-1; A to B) Randomized controlled trial (Blind experiment, Open-label trial) Observational study (EBM II-2 to II-3; B to C) Cross-sectional study vs. Longitudinal study Cohort study (Retrospective cohort study, Prospective cohort study) Case-control study (Nested case-control study) Case series · Case study/Case report Epidemiology/ methods occurrence: Incidence (Cumulative incidence) · Prevalence (Point prevalence, Period prevalence) association: absolute (Absolute risk reduction, Attributable risk, Attributable risk percent) · relative (Relative risk, Odds ratio, Hazard ratio) other: Virulence · Infectivity · Mortality rate · Morbidity · Case fatality · Specificity and sensitivity · Likelihood-ratio test Trial/test types In vitro/In vivo · Animal testing · Animal testing on non-human primates · First-in-man study · Multicenter trial · Seeding trial · Vaccine trial Analysis of clinical trials Risk-benefit analysis Interpretation of results Selection bias · Correlation does not imply causation · Null result Category • Glossary • List of topics

gf:In vivo