Iran is home to the earliest known charter of human rights^[1] — the Achaemenid dynasty established unprecedented principles of human rights in the 6th century BC, under the reign of Cyrus the Great. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the King issued the Cyrus Cylinder, discovered in 1879 and recognised by many today as the first document defining a person's human rights. The cylinder declared that citizens of the Persian Empire would be allowed to practice their religious beliefs freely and abolished slavery. This means that all the palaces of the Kings of Persia were built by paid workers, in an era where slaves typically did such work. These two reforms were reflected in the biblical books of Chronicles and Ezra, which state that Cyrus released the followers of Judaism from slavery and allowed them to migrate back to their land. Following Persia's defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great, the concept of human rights was abandoned. Today many Iranians, such as Hojatoleslam Ahmad Khatami, point to this early history as evidence of Iranians being "pioneers of human rights." ^[2]

Contents 1 Iranian Constitutional Revolution 2 Pahlavi Dynasty 3 Islamic Republic 3.1 Comparison with Shah's reign 3.2 Reform era 4 Resources 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Iranian Constitutional Revolution

In 1906, the Iranian Constitutional Revolution resulted in a constitutional monarchy. For the first time in the more than 2000 years since the reign of Cyrus the Great, Iran was relying on a code of law to govern the interactions of its citizens and define their minimum freedoms.

[edit] Pahlavi Dynasty

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With the arrival of Reza Slah Pallavi in 1925, the constitution was for all practical purposes revised, mainly to secure women's rights that had been suppressed in Iran, under the [Qajar Dynasty][1] (1794-1925) . Qajar monarchy ending with the throne of [Ahmad Shah][2] was made up of a highly incompetent and deeply corrupt system of governance, with Islamic Shia influence deeply rooted in its apparatus, including the so called constitution of 1906. It is noteworthy to mention that the same 1906 constitution, had clear guidelines in suppression of women's rights in Iran, including "Forced Hijab" and "Exclusion from voting" as well as participation in other political processes. Reza Slah Pallavi, revised the highly outdated 1906 constitution, immediately after seizing the throne starting by a systemic installment of women's rights including the removal of "Forced Hijab" and "women constitutional guaranteed rights to participate in political processes". Reza Shah security forces were ordered dispatched on streets of every major city in Iran, between 1925 and 1931, in order to ensure that women exercising their right to refrain from wearing Hijab would not be harassed by mobs made up of the remnants of the Qajar dynasty. Opponets of the Pahlavis, mainly made of the now dyfunct Tudeh Party (A Communist political Party made up and financed by the USSR during its WWII occupation of northern Iran (ending in 1948), as well as Shiat Clerics still insist on a myth that was perpetuated by them throughout the Pallavi Dynasty (Iran ranked amongst high [UNHDI][3] achievers during 1925-1979 Pahlavi Dynasty, with projected rates of >0.9 to reach by mid 80s)in thatPolitical prisoners were imprisoned, political opponents and erstwhile allies were executed. Torture of political prisoners was common ^[3] Sazemane Amaniat Va Amoure Keshvari (SAVAK) mandate was to maintain National Security of Iran, in particular against the constant threat of Islamic Shia Extremist terrorism, as well as the Tudeh Party [4] which finally took power in Iran in 1979. Many stories regarding SAVAK torture allegations have floated in Iran and abroad for many years, however none with concrete evidence or actual survivors to back up such stories.

His son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi continued in his father's footsteps, and his SAVAK were notorious for their imaginative torture methods/ Some renowned political observers actually applaud Pahlavi dynasty and its National Security apparatus for its efforts at maintaining Shia extremism under control for some 50 years and up to 1979. This sentiment is further backed by the destabilizing effect that the Islamic Regime of Iran has exerted regionally since 1979, creating serious socio-economic concerns for the region and the global economic stability at large.^[4]

[edit] Islamic Republic

[edit] Comparison with Shah's reign

According to political historian Ervand Abrahamian,

"whereas less than 100 political prisoners had been executed between 1971 and 1979, more than 7900 were executed between 1981 and 1985. ... the prison system was centralized and drastically expanded ... Prison life was drastically worse under the Islamic Republic than under the Pahlavis. One who survived both writes that four months under warden Asadollah Lajevardi took the toll of four years under SAVAK. ^[5] In the prison literature of the Pahlavi era, the recurring words had been "boredom" and "monotony." In that of the Islamic Republic, they were "fear," "death," "terror," "horror," and most frequent of all "nightmare" (kabos)." ^[6]

Others (such as journalist Hooman Majd) believe fear of the government and security services was much more pervasive under the late Shah's regime, and that the Islamic Republic's intelligence services, "although sometimes as brutal as the Shahs', spend far less effort in policing free political expression", inside private spaces.^[7] Another issue is whether the Islamic government's ability to repress dissent has been limited by a decline in public acceptance of government repression. According to Akbar Ganji, "notions of democracy and human rights have taken root among the Iranian people" making it "much more difficult for the government to commit crimes."^[8] One Iranian-American academic doing research in Iran recently notes that, "liberal notions of rights are almost hegemonic in Iran today."^[9] And Majd himself explains the Islamic Republic's relative tolerance by claiming that if Iranian intelligence services "were to arrest anyone who speaks ill of the government in private, they simply couldn't build cells fast enough to hold their prisoners." ^[10]

[edit] Reform era

Following the rise of the reform movement within Iran and the election of moderate Iranian president Mohammad Khatami in 1997, numerous moves were made to modify the Iranian civil and penal codes in order to improve the human rights situation. The predominantly reformist parliament drafted several bills allowing increased freedom of speech, gender equality, and the banning of torture. These were all dismissed or significantly watered down by the Guardian Council and leading conservative figures in the Iranian government at the time.

According to The Economist magazine,

The Tehran spring of ten years ago has now given way to a bleak political winter. The new government continues to close down newspapers, silence dissenting voices and ban or censor books and websites. The peaceful demonstrations and protests of the Khatami era are no longer tolerated: in January [2007] security forces attacked striking bus drivers in Tehran and arrested hundreds of them. In March police beat hundreds of men and women who had assembled to commemorate International Women's Day.^[11]

[edit] Resources

Iran Human Rights Documentation Center

[edit] References

v • d • e Human rights in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan · Armenia1 · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma2 · Cambodia · People's Republic of China · Cyprus1 · East Timor3 · Egypt4 · Georgia4 · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan4 · North Korea · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia4 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Republic of China5 · Thailand · Turkey4 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen Dependencies, autonomies, other territories Aceh · Adjara1 · Abkhazia1 · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Altai · British Indian Ocean Territory · Buryatia · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Guangxi · Hong Kong · Inner Mongolia · Iraqi Kurdistan · Jakarta · Khakassia · Macau · Nagorno-Karabakh · Nakhchivan · Ningxia · Northern Cyprus · Palestine · Papua · Sakha · South Ossetia1 · Tibet · Tuva · West Papua · Xinjiang · Yogyakarta Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country.  1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions.  2 Officially known as Myanmar.  3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste.  4 Transcontinental country.  5 Commonly known as Taiwan.

Human rights in Asia · Human rights in Africa

[edit] External links

• Arjang, Sohraab, "آقای کاندیدا، چرا پیش ازانتخابات به جنایات خود پاسخ نمی دهید؟" (in Persian), Fozoole Mahaleh, http://www.fozoolemahaleh.com/20090610459/آقای-کاندیدا،-چرا-پیش-ازانتخابات-به-جن, retrieved 2009-06-10