The Hotsuma Tsutae (also Hotuma Tsutaye, Japanese 秀真伝) is an elaborate epic poem of Japanese legendary history whose description is substantially different from the mainstream version as recorded in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki. Its age is undetermined.

Although many proponents allege that the origin of the Hotsuma precedes the mainstream mythology, the first known manuscript was dedicated to a shrine by Waniko Yasutoshi (also known as Yunoshin Ibo) in 1775. Some excerpts were published and translated into modern Japanese in 1884, a printing which was noted by Hirata Atsutane in his work on jindai moji, or Japanese writing system from before the use of Chinese characters, but otherwise ignored. The reason for this is that Atsutane's Kokugaku was principally concerned with the Kojiki and the Hotsuma Tsutae would have only muddled his theories. Yasutoshi's manuscript was almost lost, but was discovered and rescued in 1993 following the publication some popular books on the subject in the mid-20th century by Yoshinosuke Matsumoto.

The Hotsuma Tsutae is known for its beautiful text and perfect rhythm. It was written in yamato-kotoba, which means that it only uses original Japanese words from before contact with China. Some of the yamato-kotoba used in Hotsuma Tsutae are unattested elsewhere in the Old Japanese corpus but have parallels to old words, meaning that if it is a late medieval hoax it is extremely elaborate. Among other things in its primarily historical and non-mythological record, the text discusses the births, lives, and deaths of many familiar kami from Japanese folk shrines and history, with the word kami being used to mean something like royalty (and not "gods"). In the poem, Amaterasu, the sun kami of Shinto, is male, and not female as is written in the official records. Matsumoto theorizes that Amaterasu was feminized in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki to provide a justification for the reign of Empress Suiko who reigned just before those documents were written.

Although for the most part there is still no interest from Japanese academics in this text, some scholars have volunteered that it may have been written in the Edo period. This is due to claims that the text was written in an original Japanese alphabet - in academic circles, the existence of writing in Japan before the use of Chinese characters is denied. The opinion that it is a false document is a general opinion. However, no definitive conclusion has yet been reached.

[edit] References

• Yoshinosuke Matsumoto. The Hotsuma Legends: Paths of the Ancestors.

[edit] External links

• Modern English translations of the Hotsuma Tsutae