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The term hornpipe refers to any of several dance forms played and danced in Britain and elsewhere from the late 17th century until the present day. It is said that hornpipe as a dance began around the 16th century on English sailing vessels. Movements were those familiar to sailors of that time: "looking out to sea" with the right hand to the forehead, then the left, lurching as in heavy weather, and giving the occasional rhythmic tug to their breeches both fore and aft.^[1]

[edit] Folk hornpipes

There are several traditional folk dance forms of the hornpipe:

• The most common use of the term nowadays refers to a class of tunes in 4/4 time. This dance is done in hard shoes. Perhaps the best known example is the "Sailors' Hornpipe". There are two basic types of common-time hornpipe, ones like the "Sailors' Hornpipe", moving in even notes, sometimes notated in 2/2, moving a little slower than a reel, and ones like "The Harvest Home", moving in dotted notes. Some 19th century examples mix the dotted and even styles. The form dates back to the mid 18th century or earlier, but became much more popular in the early 19th century. Many fine hornpipes were written in this period, many with known composers. In Ireland, examples include "The Groves Hornpipe" and "The Boys of Bluehill". In England, a noted composer of hornpipes on Tyneside was the influential fiddler-publican James Hill (c.1811-1853). The form also became very popular in the United States - "President Garfield's Hornpipe" is a fine example.

• A lively 3/2 time dance rhythm, which remained popular in northern English and lowland Scottish instrumental music until the 19th century. Many examples are still well known and widely played in Northumberland, such as the song "Dance ti thy Daddy", and the variation set "Lads of Alnwick". Often these tunes have off-beat accents, usually in even numbered bars, presumably corresponding to the (lost) dance steps. The form, having short strains, with recognisable tags at the ends, is very suitable for the playing of variations, which has probably accounted for its survival among players of the Northumbrian smallpipes. "Lads of Alnwick", in particular, has survived in the oral and manuscript tradition without major change from its earliest known appearance in the 1730s in William Dixon's MS, until the modern era, when an almost identical 5-strain version was written down by Tom Clough.

• The term was also used formerly to refer to tunes in 9/4 or 9/8 time. These may have been thought of as differing only inessentially from the 3/2 hornpipes. Some early examples of these are also syncopated. The form survives in Northumberland and Ireland. One example, "Mad Moll", or "The Peacock Follows the Hen", has remained current since at least 1698 when it appeared in The Dancing Master. Such tunes are usually referred to nowadays by the Irish name slip jig.

Examples, current in Northumberland, of all these kinds of hornpipe may be found, either recorded or notated, on the FARNE archive website [1]. John Offord has recently republished John of the Green - The Cheshire Way, (ISBN 978-0-9556324-0-2) an extensive study of published and manuscript dance music in these forms from before 1750. This draws heavily on Thomas Marsden's Original Lancashire Hornpipes, Old and New, published by Henry Playford in 1705, as well as other sources. When they play hornpipe some people wear clogs. Hornpipe is a traditional song for sailors.

In 1798 the Reverend Warner Warner jouneyed through Wales. In describing a Welsh ball, he wrote, "The ball was concluded by a contest of agility between two brothers, who danced two distinct hornpipes with so much power and muscle, variety of step and inflexible perserverance, as exceeded everything we had seen.^[2]

[edit] Baroque hornpipe

The triple-time hornpipe dance rhythm was often used by composers in England in the Baroque period. It is probably artificial to draw too rigid a distinction between the popular and art-music examples. Many country dance examples are found in The Dancing Master, such as "The Hole in the Wall", by Purcell, and there are also extant theatrical choreographies that use steps from French court ballet, but which characteristically have step-units going across the measure. Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel composed hornpipes, and Handel occasionally gave "alla hornpipe" as a tempo indication (see Handel's Water Music). Today, the most well-known baroque hornpipe tune is probably Purcell's "Hornpipe Rondeau" from the incidental music to Abdelazer, (which was used by Benjamin Britten as the theme for his Young Person's Guide To The Orchestra) or the 'Alla Hornpipe' movement from the D major of Handel's Water Music suites.

[edit] See also

• Egg dance

[edit] On the Web

Videos on YouTube (require Flash for playback):

Old 3/2-Hornpipes

• Country Dance Hornpipe (a modern rendition of Purcell's Hornpipe "Hole in the Wall" (1698) in Playford's Dancing Master) (accessed 14 May 2009)
• Barockmusik: "Alla Hornpipe" (excerpt from Handel's Water Music) (accessed 14 May 2009)

Newer 4/4-Hornpipes:

• Lancashire Clog Dance (accessed 11 May 2009)
• Irish Step Dance: Hornpipe (accessed 11 May 2009)
• Highland Dancing: Sailor's Hornpipe (accessed 11 May 2009)

[edit] References

1. ^ Tolman, Beth & Page, Ralph (1937) The Country Dance Book. Countryman Press; page 119
2. ^ Folk Dance of Europe. Nigel Allenby Jaffé. 1990. Folk Dance Enterprises. page 295. ISBN 0-946247-14-5