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History of Italy
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Italy until the present era was a conglomeration of city-states and small independent nations. The following is a list of the various states that made up what we now know as Italy during the past. (rounded up to a year significant to Italian history in each case).

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Contents 1 Antiquity 2 Early Middle Ages 2.1 Duchies of the Lombard Kingdom 2.2 Districts of the Byzantine Empire 3 Carolingian Era 4 Italy in the year 1000 4.1 States of the Holy Roman Empire 4.2 Other states 4.3 Main independent communes 4.4 Duchies and other entities of former Byzantine Empire appartenance 5 Italy in the year 1494 6 Italy in the year 1559 7 Italy in the year 1659 8 Italy in the year 1796 9 Italy in Napoleonic times (1796 - 1814) 10 Italy in the year 1816 11 Italy in the year 1861 12 See Also

[edit] Antiquity

• Etruscan civilization
• Rome
• Greek city-states
• Western Roman Empire

[edit] Early Middle Ages

This section requires expansion.

• Lombard Kingdom
• Exarchate of Italy

[edit] Duchies of the Lombard Kingdom

• Duchy of Friuli
• Duchy of Ceneda
• Duchy of Treviso
• Duchy of Vicenza
• Duchy of Verona
• Duchy of Trent
• Duchy of Parma
• Duchy of Reggio
• Duchy of Piacenza
• Duchy of Brescia
• Duchy of Bergamo
• Duchy of San Giulio
• Duchy of Pavia
• Duchy of Turin
• Duchy of Asti
• Duchy of Tuscia
• Duchy of Spoleto
• Duchy of Benevento, then the Principality of Salerno
• Duchy of Aosta
• Duchy of Milan
• Duchy of Ivrea

[edit] Districts of the Byzantine Empire

• Exarchate of Ravenna
• Pentapolis
• Duchy of Rome
• Duchy of Liguria
• Duchy of Venetia
• Duchy of Istria
• Duchy of Naples (Including Calabria, Lucania and Apulia)

[edit] Carolingian Era

• Kingdom of Italy (under the Carolingian Empire)
• Papal States
• Duchy of Benevento (under the Lombards)
• Byzantine Empire
  • Venice
  • Istria coast
  • Dalmazia islands
  • Gaeta
  • Naples
  • Salento
  • Calabria
  • Sicily
  • Sardinia
• Saracen settlements
  • Fondi
  • Traetto
  • Ponza
  • Capo Miseno
  • Sepino
  • Agropoli and Punta Licosa
  • Bari
  • Taranto
  • Brindisi
  • Amantea
  • Tropea

[edit] Italy in the year 1000

[edit] States of the Holy Roman Empire

• County of Asti
• Bishopric of Bressanone
• March of Genoa (Marca Januensis or Eastern Liguria)
• County of Gorizia
• Kingdom of Italy
• March of Ivrea
• Marche includes Marches of Camerino, Fermo and Ancona
• Duchy of Milan
• Marquisate of Montferrat (created Marca Aleramica)
• Marquisate of Saluzzo
• Duchy of Savoy
• County of Sorano (Aldobrandeschi)
• Duchy of Spoleto
• Bishopric of Trent
• March of Turin (created Marca Arduinica; a.k.a. the March of Susa)
• Duchy of Tuscany
• Marquisate of Verona and Aquileia

[edit] Other states

• Catepanate of Italy
• Duchy of Benevento
• Principality of Capua
• Principality of Salerno
• Papal States
• Emirate of Sicily
• Kingdom of Sicily
• Terra Sancti Benedicti
• Patriarchate of Aquileia (Patrie dal Friûl)
• Giudicato of Gallura
• Giudicato of Torres
• Giudicato of Arborea
• Giudicato of Cagliari

[edit] Main independent communes

• Arezzo
• Asti
• Brescia
• Cremona
• Florence
• Genoa
• Lodi
• Milan
• Perugia
• Piacenza
• Pisa
• Ragusa
• Siena
• Verona
• Viterbo

[edit] Duchies and other entities of former Byzantine Empire appartenance

• Duchy of Amalfi
• Duchy of Calabria
• Duchy of Gaeta
• Duchy of Naples
• Duchy of Sorrento
• Republic of Venice
• Republic of Pisa
• Trani
• Exarchate of Ravenna

[edit] Italy in the year 1494

Before the beginning of the Italian Wars

• Papal States
• Kingdom of Naples (independent Aragonese dynasty)
• Kingdom of Sicily (to Aragon)
• Kingdom of Sardinia (to Aragon)
• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
• Prince-Bishopric of Trent
• Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
• Duchy of Milan (Sforza, to France 1499-1522, to Spain from 1535)
• Duchy of Ferrara (Este)
• Duchy of Modena and Reggio (in personal union with Ferrara)
• Duchy of Urbino (Montefeltro)
• Marquisate of Massa (Malaspina)
• Marquisate of Saluzzo (Aleramici, to France 1548)
• Marquisate of Montferrat (Paleologi, in personal union with Mantua 1533)
• Marquisate of Mantua (Gonzaga)
• Marquisate of Finale (Del Carretto)
• Marquisate of Incisa (Aleramici)
• County of Gorizia (annexed to Austria in 1500)
• County of Guastalla (Torelli, sold to a junior branch of the Gonzaga 1539)
• County of Montechiarugolo (Torelli of Montechiarugolo)
• County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara)
• County of Correggio (da Correggio)
• County of Pitigliano (Orsini)
• County of Santa Fiora (Sforza of S.Fiora)
• Stato Landi (Landi)
• Stato Pallavicino (Pallavicino)
• Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione)
• Mirandola (Pico)
• Carpi (Pio di Savoia)
• Sassuolo (Pio di Savoia)
• Bologna (Bentivoglio)
• Faenza (Manfredi)
• Rimini (Malatesta)
• Forlì (Riario)
• Pesaro (Sforza of Pesaro)
• Matelica (Ottoni)
• Camerino (da Varano, duchy from 1515, confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1539)
• Imperial Fiefdoms
• Republic of Ancona (to the Papal States in 1532)
• Republic of Genoa
• Republic of Lucca
• Republic of Florence (actually under the lordship of the Medici, duchy from 1532)
• Republic of Ragusa
• Republic of Siena (incorporated to the Duchy of Florence 1555)
• Republic of Venice
• Republic of Cospaia

[edit] Italy in the year 1559

After the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis:

• Papal States
• Kingdom of Naples (under Spain)
• Kingdom of Sicily (under Spain)
• Kingdom of Sardinia (under Spain)
• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
• Prince-Bishopric of Trent
• Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
• Duchy of Milan (under Spain)
• Duchy of Mantua (Gonzaga)
• Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Farnese)
• Duchy of Ferrara (Este; confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1598)
• Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este; in personal union with Ferrara until 1598)
• Duchy of Florence (Grand Duchy of Tuscany from 1569) (Medici)
• Duchy of Urbino (Della Rovere; incorporated to the Papal States 1631)
• Duchy of Castro (in personal union with Parma; confiscated and incorporated to the Papal States 1649)
• Marquisate of Montferrat (in personal union with Mantua; duchy from 1574)
• Marquisate of Masserano (Ferrero-Fieschi; principality from 1577)
• Marquisate of Finale (Del Carretto; to Spain 1602)
• Marquisate of Massa (Cybo-Malaspina; principality from 1568)
• County of Guastalla (Gonzaga of Guastalla)
• County of Montechiarugolo (Torelli; to Parma 1612)
• County of Correggio (da Correggio; principality from 1616, confiscated and ceded to Modena by the Emperor 1631)
• County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara)
• County of Pitigliano (Orsini; acquired by Tuscany in 1604)
• County of Santa Fiora (Sforza; acquired by Tuscany in 1633)
• State Pallavicino (Pallavicino; to Parma 1636)
• Stato Landi (Landi)
• Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione; marquisate from 1579, principality from 1659)
• Piombino (Appiani; principality from 1594)
• Sabbioneta (Gonzaga of Bozzolo; duchy from 1577, sold to Spain in 1629)
• Mirandola (Pico; principality from 1596, duchy from 1617)
• Sassuolo (Pio di Savoia; to Modena 1599)
• Imperial Fiefdoms (small, independent lordships generally under members of the Genoese nobility)
• Saluzzo (under France; to Savoy from 1601)
• Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons)
• State of Presidi (to Naples)
• Republic of Venice
• Republic of Genoa
• Republic of Lucca
• Republic of Cospaia

[edit] Italy in the year 1659

After the treaty of the Pirenees

• Papal States
• Kingdom of Naples (to Spain until 1707; to Austria from 1707 to 1734 then under a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbons
• Kingdom of Sicily (to Spain until 1707; to Austria 1707-1714 and 1720-1734; to Savoy 1714-1720; in personal union with Naples thereafter)
• Kingdom of Sardinia (to Spain until 1714; to Austria 1714-1720; in personal union with Savoy thereafter)
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Medici until 1737; Habsburg-Lorraine thereafter)
• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen
• Prince-Bishopric of Trent
• Duchy of Savoy (Savoia)
• Duchy of Montferrat (to Mantua until 1707, then to Savoy)
• Duchy of Milan (to Spain until 1706, then to Austria; the union of Milan and Mantua in 1737 created the Austrian Lombardy)
• Duchy of Mantua (Gonzaga until the imperial confiscation in 1707, then to Austria; Austrian Lombardy from 1737)
• Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (Farnese until 1731; Bourbons 1731-1734; to Austria 1734-1748 then to a junior branch of the Spanish Bourbons)
• Duchy of Guastalla (Gonzaga of Guastalla until their extinction in 1746; in personal union with Parma from 1748)
• Duchy of Mirandola (Pico until the imperial confiscation in 1707; to Austria 1707-1711; to Modena from 1711)
• Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este)
• Principality of Masserano (Ferrero-Fieschi; sold to Savoy in 1767)
• Principality of Castiglione (Gonzaga of Castiglione; confiscated by the Emperor 1691)
• Principality of Massa (Cybo-Malaspina; duchy from 1664; in personal union with Modena from 1731)
• Principality of Piombino (Ludovisi until 1733, Boncompagni-Ludovisi thereafter)
• County of Novellara (Gonzaga of Novellara until their extinction in 1728; to Modena from 1737)
• Stato Landi (Landi until 1679, Doria 1679-1682, then to Parma)
• Imperial Fiefdoms
• Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons)
• State of Presidi (to Naples)
• Republic of Venice
• Republic of Genoa
• Republic of Lucca
• Republic of Cospaia

[edit] Italy in the year 1796

Before the Napoleonic period

• Papal States (Pope Pius VI)
• Kingdom of Naples (Bourbons of Naples, King Ferdinand IV) (merged with Sicily in 1816 to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
• Kingdom of Sicily (in personal union with Naples; after 1816 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
• Kingdom of Sardinia (inclusive of the Duchy of Savoy, Savoia, King Vittorio Amedeo III)
• Prince-Bishopric of Brixen (secularized and incorporated into Austria in 1802)
• Prince-Bishopric of Trent (secularized and incorporated into Austria in 1802)
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke Ferdinand III)
• Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (Bourbons of Parma, Duke Ferdinando I)
• Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Este, Duke Ercole III)
• Duchy of Massa (personal union with Modena)
• Principality of Piombino (Boncompagni, Prince Antonio II) (after 1815 part of Tuscany)
• Austrian Lombardy (direct Austrian control)
• Valtelline, Chiavenna and Bormio (under the Grisons; after 1816 part of Lombardo-Veneto)
• Republic of Venice (abolished 1797; after 1815 part of Lombardo-Veneto)
• Republic of Genoa (after 1815 to Sardinia)
• Republic of Lucca (after 1815 independent duchy)
• Republic of Cospaia
• State of Presidi (to Naples; after 1815 to Tuscany)

[edit] Italy in Napoleonic times (1796 - 1814)

After Napoleon’s invasion of Italy:

• Republic of Alba (1796 - 1801), annexed to France
• Cispadane Republic (1796 - 1797), formed the Cisalpine Republic
• Transpadane Republic (1796 - 1797), formed the Cisalpine Republic
• Ligurian Republic (1797 - 1805), annexed to France
• Republic of Bergamo (1797)
• Republic of Brescia (1797)
• Republic of Crema (1797)
• Bolognese Republic (1798)
• Cisalpine Republic (1797 - 1802) transformed into the Italian Republic
• Republic of Ancona (1797 - 1798), joined Roman Republic
• Roman Republic (1798 - 1800) capital Rome
• Tiberina Republic (1798 - 1799) capital Perugia, joined Roman Republic
• Parthenopaean Republic (1799) capital Naples
• Subalpine Republic (1800 - 1802)
• Kingdom of Etruria (1801 - 1807) annexed to France
• Italian Republic (1802 - 1805)
• Principality of Lucca and Piombino
• Kingdom of Italy (1805 - 1814)
• Kingdom of Naples (under French rulers 1806-1815)

Northern Italy in January 1796

French départments of Italy

[edit] Italy in the year 1816

After the Congress of Vienna:

• Papal States (Pope Pius VII; lost most of its territories to Sardinia 1859-1860)
• Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoia, King Vittorio Emanuele I; ceded Savoy and Nice to France in 1860; became Kingdom of Italy 1861)
• Kingdom Lombardo-Veneto (to Austria; lost most of Lombardy to Sardinia in 1859)
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Bourbon of Sicily and Naples, later Bourbon-Two-Sicilies, King Ferdinand I; incorporated into Sardinia 1860-1861)
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke Ferdinand III; incorporated to Sardinia 1859)
• Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (under Marie Louise, wife of Napoleon, for her lifetime. After her death in 1847, Parma and Piacenza devolve upon the House of Bourbon-Parma, Guastalla on the Duke of Modena; incorporated into Sardinia 1859)
• Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Austria-Este, Duke Francis IV; incorporated into Sardinia 1859)
• Duchy of Lucca (Bourbon-Parma, Duchess Marie Louise; when they return to Parma in 1847, annexed by Tuscany)
• Duchy of Massa and Carrara (annexed to the Duchy of Modena in 1829)
• Republic of Cospaia (to Tuscany and the Papal States in 1826)
• Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Gorizia and Trieste (part of the Austrian Empire)

[edit] Italy in the year 1861

After the unification

• Papal States (Pope Pius IX; last territories with Rome incorporated into Italy 1870)
• Kingdom of Italy (Savoia, King Vittorio Emanuele II)
• Kingdom Lombardo-Veneto (to Austria; incorporated into Italy 1866)
• Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Gorizia and Trieste (part of the Austrian Empire, incorporated into Italy 1918)
• Kingdom of Tavolara, private kingdom of the Bertoleoni family established in 1836, recognized first by Sardinia, then by Italy

[edit] See Also

• San Marino
• Vatican City