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People Ellen G. White James White · Joseph Bates J. N. Andrews · Uriah Smith J. H. Kellogg · M. L. Andreasen H. M. S. Richards · George Vandeman F. D. Nichol · Le Roy Froom Edward Heppenstall · Samuele Bacchiocchi Desmond Ford · Richard Rice

Distinctive teachings Sabbath · Conditional Immortality Historicism · Premillennialism Investigative judgment · Remnant Three Angels' Messages End times

Criticism Criticism of Ellen White

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Historic Adventism or Traditionalist Adventism, also referred to as "Conservative Adventism" by some within it, or by "Fundamentalist Adventism" by some outside it, refers to a subgroup within the Seventh-day Adventist Church which seeks to preserve certain traditional theological positions of the church.

As a general rule, historic Adventists feel that the church leadership has shifted or departed from key doctrinal "pillars" ever since the middle of the 20th century. Specifically, they point to the publication in 1957 of a book entitled Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine; this book is considered to undermine historic Adventist theology in favour of theology more compatible with evangelicalism.^[1]

Prominent figures in historic Adventism include M. L. Andreasen, Herbert Douglass, and Colin and Russell Standish. Hope International and the Hartland Institute are expressions of historic Adventism. "Last Generation Theology" shares some elements with Historic Adventism, yet considers itself to have "expanded" the beliefs of Historic Adventism to their logical conclusion.^[2]

While historic Adventists have generally not broken away from the Adventist denomination to form their own church, believing that the Adventist church is still God’s chosen instrument, many historic Adventists believe the wider church has apostatized and some even argue that the denominational leadership is presently in apostasy. There is thus a tendency for historic Adventists to promote their message through independent ministries, some of which have a strained relationship with the official church.

Historic Adventists lie at the opposite end of the Adventist theological spectrum from the other extreme progressive Adventists, the liberal movement within the church which challenges certain traditional Adventist beliefs. It is a minority group today.^[3]

Definitions of "historic Adventism" vary somewhat, depending on the author.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Adventist-Evangelical dialogues 1.2 1970s 2 Theology 2.1 Last Generation Theology 3 Criticism 3.1 Anti-Catholicism 3.2 Responses to criticism 4 Official church reaction 5 Organizations and people 5.1 Para-church ministries 5.1.1 Concerned Brethren 5.1.2 Adventist Laymen's Fellowship 5.2 Publishing 5.3 Other notable historic Adventist people 5.4 Former historic Adventists 5.4.1 Transition to non-Adventist 5.4.2 Transition to mainstream Adventist 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] History

Teachings on Christian perfection and personal holiness were evident in early Adventist movements such as the "Holy Flesh movement" in Indiana around the turn of the 19th century. These teachings on holiness were also emphasized by medical doctor John Harvey Kellogg, and Jones and Waggoner of 1888 fame.^[4]

Keith Lockhart has described the "Golden Age" of Adventism (from a sociological point of view) as the fundamentalist era of the 1920s–1950s. One author claims it is to this time period the expression "historic Adventism" most accurately applies, not to 19th century Adventism.^[5] Along with Malcolm Bull, he claims "Adventist fundamentalism" emerged in the 1880s, became dominant in the 1920s, and survives to the present day amongst conservative groups." They also claim "elements of fundamentalism were re-invoked", becoming discernible in the 1990s.^[6]

[edit] Adventist-Evangelical dialogues

It is widely recognised that current historic Adventism emerged as a protest movement against Adventist-Evangelical conversations which occurred in the 1950s. These dialogues were initiated by evangelicals Donald Barnhouse and Walter Martin, who sought clarification on what Adventists believed. The evangelicals specifically took issue with a number of heterodox teachings which at the time were generally thought to characterise Adventist theology. The most significant of these were: Arianism, a sinful nature of Christ, an incomplete atonement, salvation by law keeping, and extreme sectarianism.^[7]

At least one author considers the various streams existed earlier, but this event polarized them.^[8]

The Adventist leaders who met with Walter Martin described these as not representative of mainstream Adventist theology, but merely the beliefs of a few. (Le Roy Edwin Froom described them as the "lunatic fringe".) In particular, the Adventists asserted that the sinful nature of Christ and an incomplete atonement were not part of mainstream Adventist doctrine. Adventist historian George Knight claims that Froom and his party misled the evangelicals on this matter, because the majority of Adventists prior to 1950 had in fact held to these teachings concerning the nature of Christ and the atonement.^[9]

Martin and Barnhouse were satisfied with the responses given by the Adventist delegation, and concluded that the Adventist church was a legitimate Christian body. Meanwhile, Adventist theologian M. L. Andreasen who was aware of these proceedings, opposed it vehemently. Andreasen represented the many Adventists at the time who believed in Christ's fallen nature and an incomplete atonement, and as such felt betrayed by the denomination's leaders. (Those Adventists who believed Christ had a fallen nature still believe that Jesus committed no actual sins). These Adventists continued to oppose the theological direction taken by the church leadership on these issues and eventually became known as the "Historic Adventists" of today.

Herbert Douglass has stated,

"most, if not all, of the so-called 'dissident' or 'independent' groups of the last 45 years are direct results of the explicit and implicit positions espoused by [Questions on Doctrine] on the atonement and the Incarnation."^[10]

According to historian George Knight,

"Official Adventism may have gained recognition as being Christian from the evangelical world, but in the process a breach had been opened which has not healed in the last 50 years and may never heal."^[11]

[edit] 1970s

Desmond Ford convinced Robert Brinsmead his perfectionism was incorrect in about 1970.^[12] During the 1970s, what is now the Adventist Review carried articles by editor Kenneth Wood and associate editor Herbert Douglass rejecting Questions on Doctrine and arguing for a final perfect generation.^[12]

The General Conference addressed this controversy over "righteousness by faith" by holding a conference in Palmdale, California in 1976.^[12] Ford was the "center of attention", and the resulting document known as the "Palmdale statement"DjVu.^[13][14] However the controversy increased, and critics of the "new theology" of Ford and others formed their own institutions.^[12]

Julius Nam has written,

"However, the theological heirs of Andreasen have found such developments deeply troubling. Since 1971, several independent ministry groups have arisen within the Adventist church that have self-consciously embraced Andreasen’s postlapsarian views and the accompanying theology of the final generation, which they believe is supported by the writings of Ellen White. Since their inception, these groups have warned against the evangelicalization of Adventism and have issued calls to the church at large to return to the Adventism of the pre-Questions on Doctrine era. Like Andreasen, they have seen the Adventist-evangelical conferences and the publication of Questions on Doctrine as the beginning of the end-time apostasy. From the perspective of these groups, the prelapsarian view advocated by Questions on Doctrine and embraced by many Adventists is another sign of the apostasy that continues in the church. They view Adventism as a movement that is to be deliberately separate from other groups such as evangelicals. Their vision of Adventism is a movement that is preparing the final generation of Christians who will ultimately overcome sin."^[15]

The 1975 book Perfection: The Impossible Possibility (Nashville: Southern Publishing Association, 1975) edited by Douglass, contained essays by Douglass and C. Mervyn Maxwell supporting historic views, and Edward Heppenstall and Hans LaRondelle supporting the evangelical view.

[edit] Theology

Historic Adventist theology differs from mainstream Adventist theology in the areas of Christology, hamartiology (sin), soteriology (salvation) and eschatology (end times). They often use the term "new theology" as a pejorative term for perceived doctrinal shifts in the church.^[16]

With regards to Christology, Historic Adventists believe that Jesus Christ possessed a fallen nature in common with all the children of Adam. This view of Jesus' nature was prevalent in Adventism prior to the 1950s, but is now a minority position among theologians.^[17]

Sin is typically defined as acts which break the commandments, rather than an inherent corruption of the human nature. The traditional Protestant concept of original sin is thus rejected. Woodrow Whidden, a former historic Adventist, has commented that this traditional understanding is based on a "woefully superficial" interpretation of 1 John 3:4.^[18]

Historic Adventists tend to place more emphasis on sanctification than justification, believing that both are necessary for salvation; this view is often described as "righteousness by faith". They define the atonement in terms of God’s work to cleanse our character from sin as well as payment of the penalty for sin. The work of Christ in the heavenly sanctuary is regarded as a continuation of the work of atonement begun on the cross, rather than the application of the benefits of an already completed atonement.

"Eschatological perfectionism" is the teaching that a final generation of believers must achieve a state of complete sinlessness (or Christlikeness) in the final period just before the second coming of Jesus (see Last Generation Theology). Historic Adventists consider the life and character of Christ as a perfect example that all must imitate. Accordingly, the cleansing of the heavenly sanctuary, or investigative judgment, is thought to also involve the cleansing of the lives of believers on earth. This belief in sinlessness arose particularly from M. L. Andreasen's interpretation of the investigative judgment doctrine, itself an expansion on concepts found in The Great Controversy by Ellen G. White.^[7][19]

Historic Adventists generally place more emphasis on the writings of Ellen G. White as a doctrinal authority compared to other Adventists, some considering her writings as infallible and having near-equivalent status to the Bible.^[1]

A unique perspective on the 1888 Minneapolis General Conference is usually promoted. Historic Adventists argue that Ellen White supported the perfectionistic theology of Jones and Waggoner.^[20]

Ron Corson defines traditional/historic Adventist beliefs as being characterized by the following four beliefs in particular:

• investigative judgment and heavenly sanctuary
• the Adventist church is the "remnant"
• Ellen White as a prophet for the church, and the "Spirit of Prophecy"
• the Sabbath as God's seal, with Sunday as a false day of worship (including concepts of Babylon and the Mark of the Beast).

Corson adds, they see Scripture as infallible or inerrant. They reject the major book Questions on Doctrine. They reject contemporary Christian music and drama in church as "worldly". They use Ellen White as an "inspired commentator" on the Bible. He claims her writings are often taken as having equal authority with the Bible. He also comments there is tension on doctrines such as the atonement and the nature of Christ.^[1]

Some historic Adventists are advocates of the King-James-Only Movement.

[edit] Last Generation Theology

Last Generation Theology (LGT) or "final generation" theology is a belief system held by some conservative members of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, which claims that perfection will be achieved by some people in the last generation before the Second Coming of Jesus. It is closely related to "historic Adventism", but as one supporter claims, it differs in that it forms an extension or development of "historic" Adventist beliefs,^[21] or takes them to their logical conclusion.

It teaches that Jesus Christ was not only the Substitute for man but the Example for man, insists that Christians will have to cease from sin after the close of probation just before the Second Coming, and confesses that the close of the age has been delayed by unconsecration in Christians but can be accelerated through their living of holy lives.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Criticism

Mainstream and progressive Adventists have criticised the use of the term "historic". It is observed that numerous doctrinal positions that were common among the Adventist pioneers are generally not held by those who profess to be "historic Adventists", such as semi-Arianism, which time of day the Sabbath should begin, certain understandings of Systematic Benevolence, the "shut door", and the personhood of the Holy Spirit.^[20] It is argued that the over-valuing of "historic" beliefs leads to an unhelpful neglect of "new light" and "present truth", which Adventists have always held as defining beliefs.

Walter Martin labeled most of the historic Adventists he encountered as "legalists," "worshippers of Ellen White" and the "lunatic fringe."^[22] The term was earlier used by LeRoy Edwin Froom when Adventist leaders met with Martin.^[23]

[edit] Anti-Catholicism

Historic Adventists have spent large amounts of money for special literature and billboard and newspaper advertising around the country, with a message declaring that the pope is the antichrist.^{[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]} This has caused some unease for the Seventh-day Adventist denomination.^[33][34]

[edit] Responses to criticism

In response, some historic Adventists have claimed that they are loving in their evangelism and deny that the charge of fanaticism applies to them. They quote statements by Ellen White to support their view. For instance:

"Men will misrepresent the doctrines we believe and teach as Bible truth, and it is necessary that wise plans should be laid to secure the privilege of inserting articles into the secular papers; for this will be a means of awakening souls to see the truth. God will raise up men who will be qualified to sow beside all waters. God has given great light upon important truths, and it must come to the world."^[35]

"We must take every justifiable means of bringing the light before the people. Let the press be utilized, and let every advertising agency be employed that will call attention to the work. This should not be regarded as nonessential. On every street corner you may see placards and notices calling attention to various things that are going on, some of them of the most objectionable character; and shall those who have the light of life be satisfied with feeble efforts to call the attention of the masses to the truth?"^[36]

Methodist scholar Donald Dayton expressed some sympathies for historic Adventists in his paper presented at the Questions on Doctrine 50th anniversary conference.^[37]

[edit] Official church reaction

The Seventh-day Adventist Church has officially reacted to certain organisations which espouse "historic Adventist" theology. In 1998, the General Conference established a committee to evaluate the beliefs and activities of Hope International, the Hartland Institute (USA) and Remnant Ministries (Australia). The committee produced a report expressing "serious concerns with respect to the nature and purpose of Hope International and associates."^[38]

The conclusion of the report stated that "by rejecting the authority of the world church in session when their interpretation of Scripture and the Spirit of Prophecy differs from that of the church, [Hope International and associates] have set their authority above that of the world church and operate in a manner that is consistent with offshoot movements." The report also contained a significant threat: "If Hope International and associates cannot bring themselves into harmony with the body of the world church, clearly evidenced within 12 months, the Seventh-day Adventist Church may need to consider whether there exists a “persistent refusal to recognize properly constituted church authority or to submit to the order and discipline of the church” (Church Manual, p. 169)."^[38]

The church has officially reacted to certain organisations which espouse "historic Adventist" theology by filing law suits against them for their use of the church name.^{[citation needed]}

According to one article, the policy of the Adventist church in North America is that members of Hartland or Hope International may not hold any church office.^[39]

In 2003, the Adventist church republished an annotated version of Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine, the book which originally drew heavy criticism from historic Adventist groups and was taken out of print as a result.

[edit] Organizations and people

[edit] Para-church ministries

Historic Adventists have established a number of independent ministries and parachurch organizations which assist in the articulation and defense of their views. Two primary historic Adventist organizations located in the United States are Hope International and the Hartland Institute.^[40]

Hope International, currently led by Ron Spear, runs a publishing ministry and a health center..

Hartland Institute comprises an educational college and school associated with Colin Standish (who founded the organization) and his brother Russell. It publishes their books[1] and others, as well as Last Generation magazine.^[41] Russell edits The Remnant Herald.

Remnant Ministries was founded by Russell Standish^[42] and is based in Australia.^[43]

[edit] Concerned Brethren

The term "Concerned Brethren" describes a historic Adventist movement in Australasia^[44] (not to be confused with the Brethren churches, a Christian movement entirely separate from Adventism). The description was used of a group of retired ministers opposed to Desmond Ford's teachings, particularly during his time as head of theology at Avondale College, and who urged for his dismissal.^[45] The name derived from their signature or self-designation on a letter in the 1970s,^{[citation needed]} although the stream of thought had been discernible earlier.^[46] According to E. Bruce Price, "'Concerned Brethren' was abbreviated to 'CB' as a term of derision for those opposing Dr. Ford’s new theology."^[45][47] According to the Standishes, "Hope International is to the United States what the Gazeley meetings are to Britain, and the Concerned Brethren are to Australia and New Zealand."^[45]

The group was led^[48] by James William Kent (1890 – May 5, 1983, Australia, aged 93), a "veteran Australian evangelist and administrator"^[49][50] who chaired a meeting of "concerned" individuals in Sydney in 1974.^[51] On 3–4 February, 1976 a group of 16 men (11 "senior ministers", all retired, and 5 laymen) including Kent and George Burnside (1908–1994), a New Zealand evangelist^[47][52] (described as the "foremost anti-Ford pamphleteer")^[53] was given a hearing by 20 men from the Biblical Research Institute in the Australasian Division (now the South Pacific Division).^[54] According to one author, Ford's understanding of righteousness by faith was the main issue,^[48] while the report describes "concern about the teaching of theology at Avondale College, particularly in the area of the Sanctuary, the Age of the Earth, and Inspiration".^[55] In response, the Institute affirmed its support for Avondale in its report.^[55]

In March 1977, Kent and others met with Ford and church administrators. They were informed this would be the last time they could meet with church leaders as a group.^[56] Kent and Burnside were banned from preaching in the churches on December 18, 1978 because of their continued opposition to Ford.^[47] A. C. Needham replaced Kent as unofficial leader around this time, as the latter approached his 90th birthday.^[57]

According to Arthur Patrick, "Looking back on the painful saga of the 'Concerned Brethren' from 1974 to the present, it is apparent that a better application of essentials for effective pastoral care may have alleviated some of the controversy."^[58] Also, "Following the conflicts that gained intensity in the 1950s, during the 1970s the Adventist Church in Australasia made significant progress in better understanding and presenting 'the everlasting gospel;' but it failed to win the support of certain older members. In addition, viewpoints similar to those of the Concerned Brethren were promulgated by a variety of independent groups."^[59] He has described them as "loyalists".

[edit] Adventist Laymen's Fellowship

The Adventist Laymen's Fellowship (ALF) was founded in 1979 to counter the growing Desmond Ford movement in Australia. They held a series of weekend meetings at Vision Valley, outside Sydney, to which local and overseas conservative Adventist speakers were invited and to which several thousand Adventists attended over several years. Early speakers included Colin Standish, Ralph Larson, George Burnside, Austin Cooke, Mervyn Maxwell, Leroy Moore, Dennis Priebe and others. They also published a magazine for several years named Landmarks. The ALF succumbed to theological unorthodoxy and disbanded about 1986.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Publishing

Historic Adventists have a particularly strong commitment to publishing, and often disseminate free literature to promote their views to the mainstream church and wider public. Historic Adventist publishers have been criticized for using misleading titles and concealing their links with Seventh-day Adventism.^[60]

• Our Firm Foundation^[61] is a monthly magazine published by Hope International. Alden Thompson has described it as "the theological heir to the perfectionism of the 'old' Adventist Review (era of Kenneth Wood), though its strident criticism of mainstream Adventism has alienated many who would share its theological perspective."^[62] The Standishes consider it "the finest English language message paper in the entire denomination."^[45]

• Anchor is a historic Adventist magazine which was first published in April 1985. It was first edited by H. H. Meyers, and later by Ron and Ula Cable; published from Queensland, Australia.^[63]

• Pilgrim's Rest or Waymarks are self-published by Vance Ferrell. Alden Thompson describes the publication as "A strident 'Adventist' voice (Vance Ferrell), literally from the wilderness (of Tennessee). Pilgrim's Rest has been active in stirring up traditional elements in Adventist [sic] against the 'compromising' mainstream Adventist institutions, especially the General Conference and Adventist colleges."^[62][64] Ferrell also set up SDADefend.com and EllenWhiteDefend.com.^[65]

• Quo Vadis (archives) is a magazine edited by Kevin Paulson. The title is taken from the Latin expression.

[edit] Other notable historic Adventist people

• M. L. Andreasen — author of The Sanctuary Service (Review and Herald, 1947), and credited with developing Last Generation Theology.
• Herbert E. Douglass
• Ralph Larson^[66]
• Mervyn Maxwell (d. 21 July 1999), son of "Uncle Arthur" Maxwell^{[citation needed]}
• Larry Kirkpatrick is a pastor who runs the "anti-liberal" historic website GreatControversy.org^[40] (see also the interview with Julius Nam)

Others:

• A. Jan Marcussen, author of National Sunday Law^{[67][citation needed]}
• Dennis Priebe (website)^{[citation needed]}
• Joe Crews, who founded Amazing Facts in the United States
• Col Martens, of Steps to Life (website) in Australia

[edit] Former historic Adventists

[edit] Transition to non-Adventist

• Australian Robert Brinsmead promoted the "Awakening Movement" in the 1960s before transitioning to a strong evangelical Adventist focus, and then later rejecting many Adventist and orthodox Christian beliefs.^[12][68]

[edit] Transition to mainstream Adventist

• George R. Knight was once a perfectionist.^[69]
• Woodrow W. Whidden II, who has described himself as "a self-confessed former post-Fall perfectionist".^[70] See his interview by Julius Nam, in which he describes historic Adventists and his relationship with them.
• Martin Weber^[71]

[edit] See also

• Seventh-day Adventist theology
• Last Generation Theology
• Independent ministries of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, some of which are "historic"
• Progressive Adventism
• Charismatic Adventism
• Worldwide Voice of Historic Adventurism

[edit] References

Offline resources:

• Issues: The Seventh-day Adventist Church and Certain Private Ministries (Silver Spring, MD: North American Division, c.1992) See also Adventist Review Nov 5 1992, p1-16; "General Conference releases Hope International report". Record 26 August 2000, p6
• Tarling, Lowell R. (1981). "[The Controversy over] Righteousness by Faith in Australia 1972–1979". The Edges of Seventh-day Adventism: A Study of Separatist Groups Emerging from the Seventh-day Adventist Church (1844–1980). Barragga Bay, Bermagui South, NSW: Galilee Publications. pp. 203–21. ISBN 0 9593457 0 1. 
• Weber, Martin. Who's got the truth: Making sense out of five different Adventist gospels. Columbia, MD: Calvary Connections, 1994. A valuation of the views of Morris Venden, George Knight, Jack Sequeira, Ralph Larson, and Graham Maxwell about the gospel
• J. R. Zurcher. Touched With Our Feelings, and (What Inspiration Has to Say About) Christian Perfection
• Woodrow W. Whidden II. Ellen White on Salvation
• Roy Adams, The Nature of Christ: Help For a Church Divided Over Perfection. 1994

[edit] External links

Supportive:

• Historic Adventism: Remembering to Trust and Obey by Ralph Larson in Jan/Feb 1994 edition of Adventist Today
• Colin Standish. "Historic Adventism: Part 1". Our Firm Foundation v18 May 2003, p. 21-23, 30; "Historic Adventism: Part 2". Our Firm Foundation v18 June 2003, p. 16-19, 27
• Is Historic Adventism Doomed to Fail by the Eternal Gospel Church.
• Hope International and Associates — Another Perspective by C. Mervyn Maxwell, previously published on the site as the "Four Legitimate Hungers" Letter. A response to the report below
• Why We See the Nature of Christ as a Life-or-Death Issue by Robert Wieland
• With Cloak and Dagger: History of the 'Washington Curia' by H. H. Meyers

Neutral or critical:

• "Report on Hope International and Associated Groups", a statement of concern by the General Conference about Hope International, the Hartland Institute, and Remnant Ministries. Published in the Adventist Review in August 31, 2000, Ministry in August 2000, and by the Biblical Research Institute on their website
• Ellen White on the Humanity of Christ, a chronological study by Woodrow W. Whidden II. Chapter 10, To "Historic Adventism": A Proposal for Dialogue and Reconciliation.
• Primacy of the Gospel Committee - Report from the Biblical Research Institute, regarding the 1888 Message Study Committee
• "Essential Adventism or historic Adventism?" by Woodrow Whidden in Ministry October 1993
• Progressive and Traditional Adventists Examined by Ron Corson in Adventist Today.
• The Shaking of Adventism book by Australian Anglican Geoffrey J. Paxton
• "A Review of the Awakening Message" (Part I first published May 1972, Part II first published April 1973), Robert Brinsmead's assessment of his earlier historic views
• "From Controversy to Crisis: An Updated Assessment of Seventh-day Adventism" by Kenneth R. Samples. Christian Research Journal 11:1 (Summer 1988), p. 9
• Crosscurrents in Adventist Christology by Claude Webster (Peter Lang Publishing, 1984; Andrews University Press, 1992) ISBN 0820401579
• "Voices in the Wilderness" by MaryAn Stirling