The literary concept of heteronym, invented by Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, refers to one or more imaginary character(s) created by a writer to write in different styles. Heteronyms differ from nom de plumes (or pseudonyms, from the Greek "False Name") in that the latter are just false names, while the former are characters having their own supposed physiques, biographies and writing styles.

Contents 1 Pessoa's Heteronyms 2 List of Pessoa's Heteronyms 3 Other writers and their heteronyms 4 References 5 External links 6 Notes

[edit] Pessoa's Heteronyms

In Pessoa's case, there are at least 70 heteronyms (according to the latest count by Pessoa's editor Teresa Rita Lopes); some of them know each other, and criticise and translate each other's works. Pessoa's three chief heteronyms are Alberto Caeiro, Ricardo Reis and Álvaro de Campos; the latter two consider the former their master. There are also two whom Pessoa called semi-heteronyms, Bernardo Soares and the Baron of Teive, who are semi-autobiographical characters who write in prose. There is, lastly, an orthonym, Fernando Pessoa, the namesake of the author, who also considers Caeiro his master.

The heteronyms sometimes intervened in Pessoa's social life: during Pessoa's only attested romance, a jealous Campos wrote letters to the girl, who, enjoying the game, wrote back.

[edit] List of Pessoa's Heteronyms

No.	Name	Type	*Notes
1	Fernando António Nogueira Pessoa	himself	Commercial correspondent in Lisbon
2	Fernando Pessoa	orthonym	Poet and prose writer
3	Fernando Pessoa	autonym	Poet and prose writer
4	Fernando Pessoa	heteronym	Poet, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro
5	Alberto Caeiro	heteronym	Poet, author of 'O guardador de Rebanhos','O Pastor Amoroso' and 'Poemas inconjuntos', master of Fernando Pessoa heteronyms, Álvaro de Campos, Ricardo Reis, António Mora and Coelho Pacheco
6	Ricardo Reis	heteronym	Poet and prose writer, author of 'Odes' and texts on the work of Alberto Caeiro
7	Frederico Reis	heteronym/para-heteronym	Essayist, brother of Ricardo Reis, upon whom he writes
8	Álvaro de Campos	heteronym	Poet and prose writer, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro
9	António Mora	heteronym	Philosopher and sociologist, theorist of Neopaganism, a pupil of Alberto Caeiro
10	Claude Pasteur	heteronym/semi-heteronym	French, translator of "CADERNOS DE RECONSTRUÇÃO PAGÃ" conducted by Antonio Mora
11	Bernardo Soares	heteronym/semi-heteronym	Poet and prose writer, author of the 'Book of Disquiet'
12	Vicente Guedes	heteronym/semi-heteronym	Translator, poet, and director of Ibis Press, author of a paper
13	Gervásio Guedes	heteronym/para-heteronym	Author of the text 'A Coroação de Jorge Quinto'
14	Alexander Search	heteronym	Poet and short story writer
15	Charles James Search	heteronym/para-heteronym	Translator and essayist, brother of Alexander Search
16	Jean-Méluret of Seoul	heteronym/proto-heteronym	French Poet and Essayist
17	Rafael Baldaya	heteronym	Astrologer and author of 'Tratado da Negação' and 'Princípios de Metaphysica Esotérica'
18	Barão de Teivo	heteronym	Prose writer, author of "Educação do Stoica" and "Daphnis e Chloe"
19	Charles Robert Anon	heteronym/semi-heteronym	Poet, philosopher and story writer
20	A. A. Crosse	pseudonym/proto-heteronym	Author and Puzzle-solver
21	Thomas Crosse	heteronym/proto-heteronym	English epic character/occultist, popularised in Portuguese culture
22	I. I. Crosse	heteronym/para-heteronym	----
23	David Merrick	heteronym/semi-heteronym	Poet, storyteller and Playwright
24	Lucas Merrick	heteronym/para-heteronym	Short story writer, perhaps brother David Merrick
25	Pêro Botelho	heteronym/pseudonym	Short story writer and author of Letters
26	Abílio Quaresma	heteronym/character/meta-heteronym	A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories
27	Inspector Guedes	character/meta-heteronym?	A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories
28	Uncle Pork	pseudonym/character	A character inspired by Botelho Pêro and author of short detective stories
29	Frederick Wyatt	alias/heteronym	Poet and prose writer (in the english language)
30	Rev. Walter Wyatt	character	Possibly brother of Frederick Wyatt
31	Alfred Wyatt	character	Another brother of Frederick Wyatt/a resident of Paris
32	Maria José	heteronym/proto-heteronym	Wrote and signed «A Carta da Corcunda para o Serralheiro»
33	Chevalier de Pas	pseudonym/proto-heteronym	Author of poems and letters
34	Efbeedee Pasha	heteronym/proto-heteronym	Author of humoristic "Stories"
35	Faustino Antunes/A. Moreira	heteronym/pseudonym	Psychologist, author of "Ensaio sobre a Intuição»
36	Carlos Otto	heteronym/proto-heteronym	Poet and author of "Tratado de Lucta Livre"
37	Michael Otto	pseudonym/para-heteronym	Probably brother of Carlos Otto who was entrusted with the translation into English of "Tratado de Lucta Livre"
38	Sebastian Knight	proto-heteronym/alias
39	Horace James Faber	heteronym/semi-heteronym	short story writer and essayist (in English)
40	Navas	heteronym/para-heteronym	Translated Horace James Faber in Portuguese
41	Pantaleão	heteronym/proto-heteronym	Poet and prose
42	Torquato Fonseca Mendes da Cunha Rey	heteronym/meta-heteronym	Deceased author of a text, Pantaleão decided to publish
43	Joaquim Moura Costa	proto-heteronym/semi-heteronym	satirical poet, Republican activist, member of "O PHOSPHORO"
44	Sher Henay	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Compiler and author of the preface of a sensationalist anthology in English
45	Anthony Gomes	semi-heteronym/character	Philosopher, author of "Historia Cómica do Affonso Çapateiro"
46	Professor Trochee	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Author of an essay with humorous advice for young poets
47	Willyam Links Esk	character	Signed a letter written in English on 13/4/1905
48	António de Seabra	pseudonym/proto-heteronym	Literary critic
49	João Craveiro	pseudonym/proto-heteronym	Journalist, follower of Sidónio Pereira
50	Tagus	pseudonym	Collaborator in "NATAL MERCURY" (Durban, South Africa)
51	Pipa Gomes	draft heteronym	Collaborator in "O PHOSPHORO"
52	Ibis	character/a pseudonym	A character from Pessoa's childhood, accompanying him until the end of his life/also signed poems
53	Dr. Gaudencio Turnips	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Director of "O PALRADOR", English-Portuguese journalist and humorist
54	Pip	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Poet, humorous anecdotes. Predecessor of Dr. Pancrazio
55	Dr. Pancrazio	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Storyteller, poet and creator of charades
56	Luís António Congo	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Collaborator in "O PALRADOR", columnist and presenter of Lanca Eduardo
57	Eduardo Lance	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Luso-Brazilian poet
58	A. Francisco de Paula Angard	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Collaborator in "O PALRADOR", author of «textos scientificos»
59	Pedro da Silva Salles/Zé Pad	proto-heteronym/alias	Author and director of the section of anecdotes at "O PALRADOR"
60	José Rodrigues do Valle/Scicio	proto-heteronym/alias	"O PALRADOR", author of charades and 'literary manager'
61	Dr. Caloiro	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", reporter and author of «A pesca das pérolas»
62	Adolph Moscow	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", novelist, author of «Os Rapazes de Barrowby»
63	Marvell Kisch	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called «A Riqueza de um Doido»
64	Gabriel Keene	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called «Em Dias de Perigo»
65	Sableton-Kay	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	Author of a novel announced in "O PALRADOR", called «A Lucta Aerea»
66	Morris & Theodor	pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", author of charades
67	Diabo Azul	pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", author of charades
68	Parry	pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", author of charades
69	Gallião Pequeno	pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", author of charades
70	Urban Accursio	alias	"O PALRADOR", author of charades
71	Cecília	pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", author of charades
72	José rasteiro	proto-heteronym/pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", author of proverbs and riddles
73	Nympha Negra	pseudonym	"O PALRADOR", author of charades
74	Diniz da Silva	pseudonym/proto-heteronym	Author of the poem "Loucura" and collaborator in "EUROPE"
75	Herr Prosit	pseudonym	Translator of 'O Estudante de Salamanca' by Espronceda
76	Henry More	proto-heteronym	Author and prose writer
77	Wardour	character?	Poet
78	J. M. Hyslop	character?	Poet
79	Vadooisf ?	Character?	Poet

[edit] Other writers and their heteronyms

• David Solway, Canadian writer, writing as Andreas Karavis.
• Kent Johnson, American scholar and poet writing as Araki Yasusada.
• Robin Skelton, Canadian poet and occultist, writing as French surrealist Georges Zuk.
• B.H. Fairchild, American poet, writing as Roy Eldridge Garcia.^[1]

[edit] References

See the introductory parts in:

• Fernando Pessoa & Co: Selected Poems, ed. and tran. by Richard Zenith, Grove Press, 1999
• The Selected Prose of Fernando Pessoa, ed. and tran. by Richard Zenith, Grove Press, 2002

[edit] External links

• Four Poets in One Man

[edit] Notes

1. ^ http://www.pshares.org/issues/article.cfm?prmarticleid=8903