Sir Henry Solomon Wellcome
Oil painting of Henry Solomon Wellcome in 1906 by Hugh Goldwin Riviere. Provided by Wellcome Images.
Born	21 August 1853(1853-08-21) Almond, Wisconsin, United States
Died	25 July 1936 London, England
Profession	Pharmaceutical Entrepreneur
Known for	Founding Burroughs Wellcome & Company and the Wellcome Trust

Sir Henry Solomon Wellcome (August 21, 1853 – July 25, 1936) was an American-British pharmaceutical entrepreneur. He founded the pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Company with his colleague Silas Burroughs, which is one of the four large companies that merged to form GlaxoSmithKline. In addition, he left a large amount of capital for charitable work in his will, which was used to form the Wellcome Trust, one of the world's largest medical charities. He was a keen collector of medical artifacts.

[edit] Biography

Henry Solomon Wellcome was born in a frontier log cabin in Almond, Wisconsin to Rev. S. C. Wellcome, an itinerant missionary who traveled and preached in a covered wagon, and Mary Curtis Wellcome. He had an early interest in medicine, particularly marketing. His first product, at the age of 16, was invisible ink (in fact just lemon juice) which he advertised in the Garden City Herald.

He was brought up with a strict religious upbringing, particularly with respect to the temperance movement. His father was a strong member of the Second Adventist Church. He was a freemason.

In 1880, Henry Wellcome established a pharmaceutical company, Burroughs Wellcome & Company, with his colleague Silas Mainville Burroughs. They introduced the selling of medicine in tablet form to England under the 1884 trademark "Tabloid"; previously medicines were sold mostly as powders or liquids. They also introduced direct marketing to doctors, giving them free samples. In 1895, Silas Burroughs died, leaving the company in the hands of his partner. The company flourished and Henry Wellcome set up several research laboratories linked to the drug company.

In 1901, he married Gwendoline Maud Syrie Barnardo, a daughter of orphanage founder Thomas John Barnardo. They had one child, Henry Mounteney Wellcome, born 1903, who was sent to foster parents at the age of about three. He was considered to be sickly at the time, and his parents were spending much time traveling.

The marriage was not happy, and in 1909 they separated. After that Syrie had several affairs, including with the department store magnate Harry Gordon Selfridge and William Somerset Maugham with whom she had a child (Mary Elizabeth) and later married. Henry sued for divorce in 1915, naming Maugham as co-respondent. This attracted large amounts of publicity that Wellcome had previously tried to avoid. Syrie never contested Henry's custody of their child.

In 1910, Wellcome became a British subject.

In 1924, Henry Wellcome consolidated all his commercial and non-commercial activities in one holding company, The Wellcome Foundation Limited. In 1932, he was knighted and made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He died of pneumonia in The London Clinic in 1936 after an operation, and on his death the Wellcome Trust was established. In his will, Henry Wellcome vested the entire share capital of his company in individual Trustees, who were charged with spending the income to further human and animal health. The Wellcome Trust is now one of the world's largest private biomedical charities.

The first biography of Wellcome was commissioned by the Wellcome Trust in 1939, by AW Haggis, a member of staff at the Historical Medicine Museum Wellcome had established. However, the Trustees were dissatisfied with the final draft of 1942, and the biography was never published (the drafts are, however, freely available for consultation at the Wellcome Library). A biography of Henry Wellcome was written by Robert Rhodes James and published in 1994. In 2009, An Infinity of Things: How Sir Henry Wellcome Collected the World, written by Frances Larson, was published by Oxford University Press. It is the first biography of Wellcome to have been published since both his personal and business papers were catalogued.

[edit] Collection

Wellcome had a passion for collecting medically related artefacts, aiming to create a Museum of Man. He bought very widely anything related to medicine, including Napoleon's toothbrush, currently on display at the Wellcome Collection. By his death there were 125,000 medical objects in the collection, of over one million total. Most of the non-medical objects were dispersed after his death. He was also a keen archaeologist, in particular digging for many years at Jebel Moya in Sudan, hiring 4000 people to excavate.

Parts of his collection have been exhibited in the Science Museum (London) since 1976, and in the Wellcome Collection as the exhibit "Medicine Man" since 2007. His collection of books, paintings, drawings, photographs and other media are available to view in the Wellcome Library.

In 2003, the Quay Brothers directed a short animated film in tribute to the collection entitled The Phantom Museum.

[edit] References

• An Infinity of Things: How Sir Henry Wellcome Collected the World, Frances Larson, OUP Oxford, 2009[1]
• Henry Wellcome, Robert Rhodes James, Hodder & Stoughton, 1994.
• The Scandal of Syrie Maugham, Gerald McKnight, W.H. Allen 1980.
• Henry Wellcome by Brian Deer
• Biographical article by William Hoffman
• Wellcome's World - A rich collection of documents at the Wellcome Library in London
• Medicine Man at the Wellcome Collection