Hell Gate Information & Hell Gate Links at HealthHaven.com

Hell Gate Bridge with Queens in the foreground

Hell Gate, shown in red, in a satellite photo of New York Harbor. It separates Ward's Island (to the west) and Astoria, Queens (to the east)

USGS topographic map showing Hell Gate towards the very bottom

Hell Gate is a narrow tidal strait in the East River in New York City in the United States. It separates Astoria, Queens from Randall's Island / Ward's Island (formerly two separate islands that are now joined by landfill).^[1]

It was spanned in 1917 by the New York Connecting Railroad Bridge (now called the Hell Gate Bridge), which connects the Ward's Island and Queens. The bridge provides a direct rail link between New England and New York City. In 1936 it was spanned by the Triborough Bridge (now called the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), allowing vehicular traffic to pass between Manhattan, the Bronx, and Queens.

The name "Hell Gate" is a corruption of the Dutch phrase Hellegat, which could mean either "hell's gate" or "bright gate/passage", which was originally applied to the entirety of the East River. The strait was described in the journals of Dutch explorer Adriaen Block, who is the first European known to have navigated the strait, during his 1614 voyage aboard the Onrust. Hellegat is a fairly common toponym for waterways in the low countries, with at least 20 independent examples ^[2]. Block might have named the strait with both meanings in mind, sliding a pun into place to evade the censorship of his strict Lutheran paymasters. Because explorers found navigation hazardous in this New World place of rocks and converging tide-driven currents (from the Long Island Sound, Harlem River strait, Upper Bay of New York Harbor and lesser channels, some of which have been filled), the Anglicization stuck.

By the late 19th century, hundreds of ships including HMS Hussar (1763) had sunk in the strait. In 1851 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began to clear obstacles from the strait with explosives; the process would last seventy years.^[3] On September 24, 1876, the Corps used 50,000 pounds of explosives to blast the dangerous rocks, which was followed by further blasting work.^[4] On October 10, 1885, the Corps carried out the largest explosion in this process, annihilating Flood Rock with 300,000 lbs. of explosives.^[5] The explosion sent a geyser of water 250 feet in the air;^[6] the blast was felt as far away as Princeton, New Jersey.^[5] The explosion has been described as "the largest planned explosion before testing began for the atomic bomb,"^[6] although the detonation at the Battle of Messines was larger. Rubble from the detonation was used in 1890 to fill the gap between Great Mill Rock and Little Mill Rock, merging the two islands into a single island, Mill Rock.^[5]

Though Hell Gate is still considered difficult to navigate due to strong tidal flows, its reputation is based on myth more than fact. At certain points in the tidal cycle, its waters briefly go slack, making it as placid as a lake. Even at peak current, competent kayakers and canoeists pass through without trouble. The time of high tide in Long Island Sound is over three hours behind that of Lower Manhattan. The greatest danger is the artificial one posed by heavy commercial vessel traffic through the tight channel.

There is a plaque affixed to the concrete bridge tower facing the East River from Astoria Park. It reads as follows: "NEW YORK CONNECTING RAILROAD. East River Arch Bridge. Span 1017 Feet Between Towers. This railroad with its East River Bridge and viaduct approaches completed the direct connection via New York City between the Pennsylvania and New Haven railroad systems and between the New England states and the states lying west and south of the Hudson River. Finished and dedicated to the transportation service of the country in 1917. SAMUEL REA - President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. HOWARD ELLIOTT-- President, New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad Co. GUSTAV LINDENTHAL-- Chief Engineer and designer, East River Bridge and approaches. American Bridge Company, Inc. -- fabricator and erector of East River Arch Bridge."

[edit] See also

"Hell Gate: The Watery Grave" (1977), a 50-minute documentary film, narrated by Alexander Scourby, covered many aspects of the waterway's history, including the clearing of the channel, the building of Hell Gate Bridge, and the General Slocum steamship disaster.

Little Hell Gate

[edit] References

^ Jackson, Kenneth T. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society. Yale University Press. p. 538.
^ Vic van Dyck "Hellegat en Hellegats-veer" (Dutch)
^ "NOAA 200th Collections: Hell Gate and Its Approaches nautical chart from 1851". NOAA. http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/new_york_charts/hell_gate.html. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ "RENDING HELL-GATE ROCKS; THE SUBMARINE MINE EXPLODED. A COMPLETE SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS. THE TERRIFIC RENDING FORCE LIBERATED BY THE FINGER OF A CHILD--A JARRING TREMOR OF THE EARTH, AND A SHARP, BUT NOT LOUD REPORT--IMMENSE GEYSERS OF WATER THROWN UP--THE FORCE EXPENDED MAINLY IN THE WORK OF BURSTING THE REEF--CONFIRMATION OF GEN. NEWTON'S THEORY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE DISCHARGE--THE RUSH OF THE CURIOUS CROWDS--INCIDENTS OF THE DAY THROUGHOUT THE CITY. BEFORE THE EXPLOSION. THE EXPLOSION. AFTER THE EXPLOSION.", The New York Times. September 25, 1876. p. 1
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mill Rock Island - Historical Sign". nycgovparks.org. http://nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=9756. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ ^a ^b Whitt, Toni (2006-06-02). "The East River is Cleaner Now. The Water Birds Say So. - New York Times". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE3D71631F931A35755C0A9609C8B63. Retrieved 2009-04-12.

[edit] External links

[Citycyclopedia-0] Jackson, Kenneth T. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City: The New York Historical Society. Yale University Press. p. 538.

[1] Vic van Dyck "Hellegat en Hellegats-veer" (Dutch)

[2] "NOAA 200th Collections: Hell Gate and Its Approaches nautical chart from 1851". NOAA. http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/new_york_charts/hell_gate.html. Retrieved 2009-04-12.

[3] "RENDING HELL-GATE ROCKS; THE SUBMARINE MINE EXPLODED. A COMPLETE SCIENTIFIC SUCCESS. THE TERRIFIC RENDING FORCE LIBERATED BY THE FINGER OF A CHILD--A JARRING TREMOR OF THE EARTH, AND A SHARP, BUT NOT LOUD REPORT--IMMENSE GEYSERS OF WATER THROWN UP--THE FORCE EXPENDED MAINLY IN THE WORK OF BURSTING THE REEF--CONFIRMATION OF GEN. NEWTON'S THEORY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE DISCHARGE--THE RUSH OF THE CURIOUS CROWDS--INCIDENTS OF THE DAY THROUGHOUT THE CITY. BEFORE THE EXPLOSION. THE EXPLOSION. AFTER THE EXPLOSION.", The New York Times. September 25, 1876. p. 1

[nycgovparks-4] "Mill Rock Island - Historical Sign". nycgovparks.org. http://nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=9756. Retrieved 2009-04-12.

[Whitt-5] Whitt, Toni (2006-06-02). "The East River is Cleaner Now. The Water Birds Say So. - New York Times". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0DE3D71631F931A35755C0A9609C8B63. Retrieved 2009-04-12.

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