| | This article may need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information. (November 2009) | | Haplogroup R 
| | Time of origin | 26,800 years BP[1] | | Place of origin | Central Asia or South Asia | | Ancestor | P | | Descendants | R1, R1a, R1b, R2 | | Defining mutations | R = M207
:R1 = M173
::R1a = L62, L63
::R1b = M342
:R2 = M124 [2] | In human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, defined by the M207 mutation. [edit] Origins This haplogroup is believed to have arisen around 26,800 years ago,[3] somewhere in Central Asia or South Asia, where its ancestor Haplogroup P is most often found at polymorphic frequencies.[4] Cambridge University geneticist Kivisild et al. (2003) suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup: Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation.
[edit] Distribution  Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red) The R haplogroup is common throughout Europe and western Asia and the Indian sub-continent, and in those whose ancestry is from within these regions. It also occurs in North and Sub-Saharan Africa. The distribution is markedly different for the two major subclades R1a and R1b. Haplogroup R1a is typical in populations of Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe. R1a has a significant presence in Northern Europe, South and Central Asia (including Iran), Siberia, as well as India. R1a can be found in low frequencies in the Middle East [5] Haplogroup R1b predominates in Western Europe. R1b can be found at low frequency in Central Asia and in the Middle East, as well as North Africa. There is an isolated pocket of R1b in Sub Saharan Africa. [6] [edit] Subclades The subclades of haplogroup R with their defining mutation, according to the stratification chart published by the 2006 International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG)[7]: - R*
- R1 (M173)
- R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532)) is typical in parts of Eastern Europe, Central Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. R1a also has a significant presence in the rest of Europe, Siberia, and the Middle East
- R1a1 (M17, M198)
- R1a1a (M56)
- R1a1b (M157)
- R1a1c (M64.2, M87, M204)
- R1a1*
- R1a*
- R1b (M343) Typical of populations of Western Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia and in parts of Africa
- R1b1 (P25)
- R1b1a (M18)
- R1b1b (M73)
- R1b1c (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17)
- R1b1c1 (M37)
- R1b1c2 (M65)
- R1b1c3 (M126)
- R1b1c4 (M153)
- R1b1c5 (M160)
- R1b1c6 (SRY2627, M167)
- R1b1c7 (M222)
- R1b1c8 (P66)
- R1b1c9 (S21)
- R1b1c9a (S26)
- R1b1c9b (S29)
- R1b1c9*
- R1b1c10 (S28)
- R1b1c*
- R1b1d (M335)
- R1b1*
- R1b*
- R1*
- R2 (M124) Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus
[edit] Haplogroup R* Y-chromosomes which possess the marker M207 (which defines Haplogroup R), but neither of the markers for its subgroups, are categorised as belonging to group R*. However, R* is exceedingly rare. It has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho, 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash, and 1.0% (1/96) of a sample of Pashtuns from northern Pakistan in addition to 0.63% (4/638) of an ethnically mixed Pakistani sample.[8] The majority of members of haplogroup R belong to its subgroup R1, defined by marker M173. R1 is very common throughout Europe and western Eurasia in the form of its subclades R1a (SRY1532) and R1b (M343).[9][10][11] The Haplogroup R1* is very rare. Examples have been found in Turkey, Pakistan and India, but the highest frequency so far discovered is in Iran.[12] The highest levels of R1a (>50%) are found across the Eurasian Steppe: West Bengal Brahmins (72%), and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins, (67%) , the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), Kyrgyz (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Poles (56.4%), Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%)[4][10][13][14] and in the central India among the sahariai tribe of North india (72%).[15] R1a has been variously associated with: The Modern "Out of Africa theory" ties in with R1a1 (M17) that it "could have found his way initially from India or Pakistan, through Kashmir, then via Central Asia and Russia, before finally coming to Europe"..."as part of an archaeologically dated Paleolithic movement from east to west 30,000 years ago."[17]. Haplogroup R1b is thought to have originated in Central Asia, the Middle East, or Iberia.[citation needed] It is prolific in Western Europe, where frequencies of 70% or more have been found in populations from Ireland,[11] Spain,[10] and the Netherlands,[10], according to the Genographic Project conducted by the National Geographic Society.[9] It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, suggesting an ancient migration of R1b from the east.[18] R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia, its likely region of origin. It is also found in North Africa where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.[19] The haplogroup R2 is defined by the presence of the marker M124. At least 90% of R2 individuals are located in the Indian sub-continent.[20] It is also reported in Caucasian and Central Asian populations. R2 may have arisen in southern Central Asia, and its members migrated southward as part of the second major wave of human migration into India.[21] - ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Monica B. Meilerman, Peter A. Underhill, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer, New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree,Genome Research, (April 2, 2008).
- ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2008 from ISOGG
- ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Fernando L. Mendez, Monica B. Meilerman, Peter A. Underhill, Stephen L. Zegura, and Michael F. Hammer, New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree Genome Research, (April 2, 2008).
- ^ a b c R.Spencer Wells et al, The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity, PNAS August 28, 2001, vol. 98 no. 18, pp.10244-10249.
- ^ http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf
- ^ http://www.eupedia.com/europe/origins_haplogroups_europe.shtml
- ^ http://www.isogg.org/tree/Main06.html ISOGG Website
- ^ Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill and Qasim Ayub, "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 121–126.
- ^ a b "Haplogroup R1 (M173)". The Genographic Project. National Geographic Society. https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my047. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
- ^ a b c d e f Semino et al. 2000
- ^ a b Rosser et al. 2000
- ^ M. Regueiro et al., Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration, Human Heredity vol. 61 (2006), pp. 132–143.
- ^ High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations - Pericic et al. 22 (10): 1964 - Molecular Bi...
- ^ Behar et al. (2003)
- ^ The Autochthonous Origin and a Tribal Link of Indian Brahmins: Evaluation Through Molecular Genetic Markers, by S. Sharma (1,2), E. Rai (1,2), S. Singh (1,2), P.R. Sharma (1,3), A.K. Bhat (1), K. Darvishi (1), A.J.S. Bhanwer (2), P.K. Tiwari (3), R.N.K. Bamezai (1) 1) NCAHG, SLS, JNU, New delhi; 2) Department of Human Genetics, GNDU, Amritsar; 3) Centre for Genomics, SOS zoology, JU, Gwalior, Page 273 (1344/T), Published in The American Society of Human Genetics 57th Annual Meeting, October 23–27, 2007, San Diego, California.
- ^ Passarino et al. (2002)
- ^ The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa, (p.152,Oppenheimer)
- ^ B. Arredi, E. S. Poloni and C. Tyler-Smith, The peopling of Europe, in M. Crawford (ed.), Anthropological Genetics: Theory, methods and applications (2007), p. 394.
- ^ Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample
- ^ Manoukian (2006)
- ^ "The Genographic Project". National Geographic Society. https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/index.html. Retrieved 2008-03-13. . The first wave consisted of African migrants who traveled along the Indian coastline some 50,000 to 60,000 years ago.
[edit] See also [edit] References - Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08750-4
- Semino et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans" (PDF), Science 290: 1155, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf .
- Wells et al. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity" (PDF), PNAS 98: 10244, doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098, http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/98/18/10244.pdf .
- Passarino et al. (2002), "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms", Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10 (9): 521–9, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834, PMID 12173029, http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v10/n9/full/5200834a.html .
- Behar et al. (2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" ([dead link] – Scholar search), Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73: 768–779, doi:10.1086/378506, PMID 13680527, http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v73n4/40097/40097.html .
- Saha Anjana, Sharma Swarkar, Bhat Audesh,Pandit Awadesh, Bamezai Ramesh (2005). Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow. J Hum Genet;50:49–51 PMID 15611834
- Sanghamitra Sengupta et al. (2006), Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists, American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221
- C. Cinnioglu et al. (2004), Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Human Genetics 114(2):127-48.
[edit] External links Phylogenetic tree of Y-DNA haplogroup R Other information of Y-DNA haplogroup R |
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