Haplogroup P (Y-DNA) Information & Haplogroup P (Y-DNA) Links at HealthHaven.com

	Haplogroup P
Time of origin	25,000-34,000 years BP
Place of origin	Central Asia - Siberia
Ancestor	MNOPS
Descendants	Q, R
Defining mutations	92R7, M45, M74/N12, P27, S25

In human genetics, Haplogroup P (M45) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most Europeans and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It also contains approximately one third to two thirds of the males among various populations of Central Asia and Southern Asia.

[edit] Origins

Haplogroup P is a branch of Haplogroup MNOPS, which is a branch of Haplogroup K (M9). It is believed to have arisen north of the Hindu Kush, in Siberia, Kazakhstan, or Uzbekistan, approximately 35,000 to 40,000 years ago.

The descendant haplogroups of P include Q (M242) and R (M207).

[edit] Distribution

Besides the typically European/South Asian Haplogroup R and South-Central Siberian/Native American Haplogroup Q, other patrilines derived from Haplogroup P-M45 are labeled for sake of convenience as Haplogroup P* and are reported to have been found at low to moderate frequency among modern populations of Central Asia, Siberia, East Asia, and the Russian Far East. There is a conspicuous presence of Haplogroup P* on the Isle of Hvar in the Adriatic Sea off the Dalmatian coast of Croatia, which may be due to historical immigration of Avars from Central Asia. There have also been reports of Haplogroup P* from samples of Ashkenazi Jews, indigenous Americans, and some populations of South Asia and Oceania, but it is not entirely clear whether these were truly Haplogroup P* or rather instances of a haplogroups derived from Haplogroup P, such as Haplogroup R2 or Haplogroup Q.

[edit] Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation, according to the 2008 ISOGG tree:

P (92R7, M45, M74, N12, P27)
- P* Found in Hvar
- Q (M242)
  - Q*
  - Q1 (P36.2)
    - Q1*
    - Q1a (MEH2)
      - Q1a*
      - Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found at low frequency among Chinese,^[2] Dungans,^[3] Hazaras,^[4] Japanese,^[5] Koreans,^[3] and Tibetans^[6]
      - Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency in Iran,^[7] Lebanon,^[8] and Turkey^[9]
      - Q1a3 (M346)
        
        Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan,^[4] India,^[4] the United Arab Emirates^[10], Khanty^[11], and Tibetans^[6]
        
        Q1a3a (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
        
        Q1a3a*
        
        Q1a3a1 (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu^[12]
        
        Q1a3a2 (M194)
        
        Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)
      - Q1a4 (P48)
      - Q1a5 (P89)
      - Q1a6 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemenite Jews^[13]
    - Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among Hazaras^[4] and Sindhis^[4]
- R (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
  - R*
  - R1 (M173)
    - R1*
    - R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))
      - R1a*
      - R1a1 (M17, M198) Typical of Eastern Europeans, Central Asians, and South Asians
        
        R1a1*
        
        R1a1a (M56)
        
        R1a1b (M157)
        
        R1a1c (M64.2, M87, M204)
    - R1b (M343) Typical of Western Europeans
      - R1b*
      - R1b1 (P25)
        
        R1b1*
        
        R1b1a (M18)
        
        R1b1b (M73)
        
        R1b1c (M269, S3, S10, S13, S17)
        
        R1b1c*
        
        R1b1c1 (M37)
        
        R1b1c2 (M65)
        
        R1b1c3 (M126)
        
        R1b1c4 (M153)
        
        R1b1c5 (M160)
        
        R1b1c6 (SRY2627 (M167))
        
        R1b1c7 (M222)
        
        R1b1c8 (P66)
        
        R1b1c9 (S21)
        
        R1b1c9*
        
        R1b1c9a (L1 (S26))
        
        R1b1c9b (S29)
        
        R1b1c10 (S28)
        
        R1b1d (M335)
  - R2 (M124) Typical of South Asians, with a moderate distribution among populations of Central Asia and the Caucasus

[edit] References

^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274.
^ Wen B, Li H, Lu D, et al. (September 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture". Nature 431 (7006): 302–5. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031. "
Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations".
^ ^a ^b Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMID 11526236. "
Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sanghamitra Sengupta, Lev A. Zhivotovsky, Roy King, S.Q. Mehdi, Christopher A. Edmonds, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Alice A. Lin, Mitashree Mitra, Samir K. Sil, A. Ramesh, M.V. Usha Rani, Chitra M. Thakur, L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Partha P. Majumder, and Peter A. Underhill, "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists," The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 78, Issue 2, 202-221, 1 February 2006.
^ I. Nonaka, K. Minaguchi, and N. Takezaki, "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms," Annals of Human Genetics Volume 71 Issue 4, Pages 480 - 495 (July 2007).
^ ^a ^b Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M, et al. (May 2007). "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMID 17436243.
^ Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (2006). "Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration". Hum. Hered. 61 (3): 132–43. doi:10.1159/000093774. PMID 16770078.
^ Pierre A. Zalloua et al., "Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events," American Journal of Human Genetics 82, 873–882, April 2008.
^ Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, et al (January 2004). "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia". Hum. Genet. 114 (2): 127–48. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. PMID 14586639.
^ Alicia M Cadenas et al., "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman," European Journal of Human Genetics (2008) 16, 374–386.
^ Sheyla Mirabal et al., "Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia," European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 4 March 2009; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.6.
^ Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Thomas MG, et al. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (3): 524–39. doi:10.1086/377588. PMID 12900798.
^ Peidong Shen, Tal Lavi, Toomas Kivisild, Vivian Chou, Deniz Sengun, Dov Gefel, Issac Shpirer, Eilon Woolf, Jossi Hillel, Marcus W. Feldman, and Peter J. Oefner, "Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation," Human Mutation 24:248-260 (2004). Q-M323 in 3/20 = 15% of a sample of Yemenite Jews.