Haplogroup M (Y-DNA) Information & Haplogroup M (Y-DNA) Links at HealthHaven.com

	Haplogroup M1
Time of origin	8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP
Place of origin	Southeast Asia - Melanesia
Ancestor	M
Defining mutations	M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35
Highest frequencies	Una 100%, Ketengban 100%, Awyu 100%, Citak 86%, West New Guinea lowlands/coast 77.5%, Asmat 75%, West New Guinea highlands 74.5%, Mappi 70%, Kombai/Korowai 46%, Papua New Guinea highlands 35.5%, Tolai (New Britain) 31%, Trobriand Islands 30%, Papua New Guinea coast 29%, Moluccas 21%

	Haplogroup M
Time of origin	10,000-30,000 years BP
Place of origin	Southeast Asia - Melanesia
Ancestor	MNOPS
Defining mutations	P256

In human genetics, Haplogroup M (P256) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M1 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.

[edit] Origins

It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup K, and is believed to have first appeared approximately 10,000-30,000 years ago.

[edit] Distribution

M is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western New Guinea.^[2]

[edit] Subgroups

[edit] M-M4

Typical of Papuan peoples.

[edit] M-M104

Typical of populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island^[3]

[edit] M-M353

Found at a low frequency in the Solomon Islands and Fiji.

[edit] M-P34

Found in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia^[4].

[edit] M-P117

Found in Melanesia.

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[5] and subsequent published research.

M (P256)
- M*
- M1 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
  - M1*
  - M1a (P34)
    - M1a*
    - M1a1 (P51)
    - M1a2 (P94)
  - M1b (P87)
    - M1b* (P22/M104)
    - M1b1
      - M1b1*
      - M1b1a (M16)
      - M1b1b (M83)
- M2 (M353, M387)
  - M2*
  - M2a (SRY9138/M177)
- M3 (P117, P118)

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Manfred Kayser, Silke Brauer, Gunter Weiss et al., "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea," American Journal of Human Genetics 72:281–302, 2003
^ Kayser M, Brauer S, Weiss G, Schiefenho¨vel W, Underhill P, Shen P, Oefner P, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Stoneking (2003) Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea Am J Hum Genet 72:281–302
^ Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(8):1628-1641
^ Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders, Tatiana M. Karafet, J. S. Lansing, Alan J. Redd, Joseph C. Watkins, S. P. K. Surata, W. A. Arthawiguna, Laura Mayer, Michael Bamshad, Lynn B. Jorde, and Michael F. Hammer, Human Biology (Feb. 2005)
^ Karafet et al. (2008), Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree, Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008