Haplogroup J (Y-DNA) Information & Haplogroup J (Y-DNA) Links at HealthHaven.com

	Haplogroup J
;	Time of origin;
;	Place of origin
;	Ancestor
Descendants	J1, J2
Defining mutations	12f2.1, M304, P209, S6, S34, S35

In human genetics, Haplogroup J (previously known as HG9 or Eu9/Eu10) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is defined by the 12f2.1 genetic marker, or the equivalent M304 marker.

[edit] Origins

Haplogroup J is believed to have arisen roughly 30,000 years ago in Southwest Asia (31,700±12,800 years ago according to Semino et al.. 2004). It is most closely related to Haplogroup I, as both Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J have mutations in common deriving from Haplogroup IJ (S2, S22). Haplogroup IJ and haplogroup K derive from Haplogroup IJK (L15/S137, L16/S138), and only at this level of classification does haplogroup IJK join with Haplogroup G and Haplogroup H as immediate descendants of Haplogroup F. The main current subgroups J1 and J2, which now comprise between them almost all of the population of the haplogroup, are both believed to have arisen very early, at least 10,000 years ago.

Haplogroup J is found in greatest concentration in Southwest Asia. Outside of this region, haplogroup J has a moderate presence in Southern Europe (especially in central and southern Italy, Malta, Greece, and Albania), Central Asia, and South Asia, particularly in the form of its subclade J2 (J-M172). Haplogroup J is also found in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, particularly in the form of its subclade J1 (J-M267). Subclades J2a and J2a1b1 are found mostly in Greece, Anatolia, and southern Italy.

[edit] Tree

Below are the subclades of Haplogroup J with their defining mutation, according to the ISOGG tree (as of February 2009). Note that the descent-based identifiers may be subject to change, as new SNPs are discovered that augment and further refine the tree.

J (12f2.1, M304, S6, S34, S35)
- J* Common in Socotra
- J1 (M267) Found frequently in the Arabian Peninsula, Dagestan, Mesopotamia, the Levant and Semitic-speaking populations of North Africa and Northeast Africa, with a moderate distribution throughout Southwest Asia
  - J1*
  - J1a (M62)
  - J1b (M365)
  - J1c (M390) - formerly J1e
  - J1d (P56)
  - J1e (P58)
    - J1e1 (M367, M368) - formerly J1c
    - J1e2 (M369) - formerly J1d
- J2 (M172) Found frequently in populations of the Fertile Crescent, Anatolia, Southeast Europe, and the Caucasus, with a moderate distribution throughout Southwest Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa
  - J2*
  - J2a (M410)
    - J2a*
    - J2a1 (L26/S57, L27)
      - J2a1*
      - J2a1a (M47, M322)
      - J2a1b (M67 (S51))
        
        J2a1b*
        
        J2a1b1 (M92, M260)
        
        J2a1b1*
        
        J2a1b1a (M327)
        
        J2a1b2 (M163, M166)
      - J2a1c (M68)
      - J2a1d (M158) - formerly J2a1e
      - J2a1e (M319) - formerly J2a1h
      - J2a1f (M339) - formerly J2a1i
      - J2a1g (M419) - formerly J2a1j
      - J2a1i (P81) (location beneath DYS413≤18, S57 not certain)
      - J2a1j (P279) (location beneath DYS413≤18, S57 not certain)
      - J2a1k (L24, L25)
        
        J2a1k1 (DYS 445 < 7) - formerly J2a1h
        
        J2a1k1a (M137) - formerly J2a1d
        
        J2a1k1b (M289) - formerly J2a1f
        
        J2a1k1c (M318) - formerly J2a1g
    - J2a2 (M340)
  - J2b (M12, M314, M221, M102) Mainly found in the Balkans, Greece, Italy, and India (possibly from Neolithic Greeks)*****J2b1 (M205) - formerly J2b1b
    - - J2b2 (M241) - formerly J2b1a
        
        J2b2*
        
        J2b2a (M99) - formerly J2b1a1
        
        J2b2b (M280) - formerly J2b1a2
        
        J2b2c (M321) - formerly J2b1a3
        
        J2b2d (P84)
        
        J2b2e (DYS455≤9)

[edit] Subclades

[edit] J1

Main article: Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup J1, defined by the 267 marker is most frequent in the Arabian Peninsula Yemen(76%)^[1], Saudi (64%) ^[2], Qatar (58%)^[3], and Dagestan (56%)^[4]. J1 is generally frequent amongst Arab Bedouins (62%^[5]. It is also very common among other Arabs such as those of the southern Levant, i.e. Palestinian Arabs (38.4%) ^[6], in Algeria (35%)^[6], Iraq (28.2%)^[6], Tunisia (31%)^[7], Syria (30%), Egypt (20%)^[8], and the Sinai Peninsula. The frequency of Haplogroup J1 collapses suddenly at the borders of Arabic speaking countries with mainly non-Arabic speaking countries, such as Turkey (9%) and Iran (9.5%) ^[9]. It is also highly frequent among Jews, especially the Kohanim caste (46%) [1] ^[10] .

[edit] J2

Main article: Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup J2 is found in the highest concentrations in the Fertile Crescent and is found throughout the Mediterranean (including Southern Europe and North Africa), the Balkan peninsula, the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau and into Central Asia^[6] and South Asia. More specifically it is found in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Israel, Greece, Italy, the Balkans and the eastern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula^[11], and most frequently in Lebanese 30% (Wells et al. 2001), Iraqis 29.7% (Sanchez et al. 2005), Syrians 29%, Kurds 28.4%, Iranians 24%^[12], Ashkenazi Jews 24%, Palestinian Arabs 16.8%, Sephardic Jews 15.4% [2]

Consistent with its Middle Eastern extent, J2 also includes the Cohen Modal Haplotype.

[edit] J*

Haplogroup J* includes all of J except for J1 and J2. J* is rarely found outside of the island of Socotra, where it is quite frequent at 71.4%^[13]. Haplogroup J* also has been found with lower frequency in Oman,^[14] Ashkenazi Jews,^[15] Pakistan^[16], Saudi Arabia,^[17] Greece,^[14] the Czech Republic,^[14]^[18] and several Turkic peoples.^[4]^[9]^[19]